Drawing, with the representation of forms by means of a silhouette line containing spots of colour, is the first means of expression and communication, the oldest manifestation of the art of mankind, predating writing.
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In the field of painting, Hellenism can be framed between two well-defined events: the beginning is to be found in the generational change which, in the last two decades of the 4th century BC, marked the transition between the career of Apelles and that of his younger disciples and competitors, Antiphilus in particular; and the end would coincide with the organisation of the Augustan style and its most striking manifestation: the establishment of the Pompeian style in the decade 30-20 BC.
A gem from the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid is studied here, with special attention to the symbolism of the raven in the mysteries of Mithras, of which the gem depicts the sacrifice of the bull. The magical and astrological meaning of the gem enhances the profound meaning of the Mithraic religion.
Of all the myths of Hellenic antiquity, the myth of Ulysses is the one that has been most widely disseminated and, above all, the one that has maintained its presence uninterruptedly up to the present day.
Mining. Degradation of the landscape. Work organisation. Social inequalities. Slavery.
Landscape degradation and the development of environmental movements in the history of Europe. Mining. The hydraulic pump was a mechanical device invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC, which had one of its practical applications in the systematic exploitation of Roman mines. The conceptual complexity of its form and use demonstrates the progress of human beings in complex reasoning and, with it, their better disposition to exploit the environment.
With the abandonment of the cities in the Late Roman period, the rural villa became a self-sufficient centre of production and consumption thanks to a wide variety of economic activities. Its owner, the dominus, exercised economic, social, military and religious power over the people who lived there and reflected his ideology and intellectual activity in the decorative motifs of the various rooms, as can be seen in this mosaic, which probably belonged to a dominus involved in the arts.
Origin and development of inequality and social stratification. The Villafranca de los Barros tegula is one of the most unique epigraphic testimonies of late Roman times. It is the only known example of an epistle written in Latin that was reproduced in the clay, still fresh, of a roof tile. The text informs us about the organisation of the agricultural holdings of the Late Roman Empire, the so-called Roman villas, as well as the living conditions of those who managed and ran them.
Origin and development of inequality and social stratification. The Villafranca de los Barros tegula is one of the most unique epigraphic testimonies of late Roman times. It is the only known example of an epistle written in Latin that was reproduced in the still-fresh clay of a roof tile. The text informs us about the organisation of the agricultural holdings of the Late Roman Empire, the so-called Roman villas, as well as the living conditions of those who managed and ran them.
On material and technological differences between Iberians and Greeks.
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This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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