Roles de género - History Lab

Numerosos criados de un hidalgo villarrobledense en 1753

ad_hlab_min — Tue, 12 Apr 2022 18:21:55 +0000

The Cadastre of the Marquis de la Ensenada included numerous socio-economic aspects of the individuals of the Crown of Castile. The document presented corresponds to the declaration of the nobleman Fernando Antonio Montoya. Fernando was ordinary mayor of the town of Villarrobledo. In 1753 he was 38 years old, while his wife was 47. His children were 17, 14 and 6 years old. His well-to-do position in the estates led him to have multiple servants in his service. Each servant is described according to his age and marital status. The maids stand out for being orphans, unmarried and varying in age from 40 to 22 years old; the same personal situation had the servant of his own service, Antonio Ruiz, aged 16, all three being completely dependent on the master. However, the servants specialising in farm work were all male and ranged in age from 15 to 50, with a total of 2 labour servants and 9 shepherds. Some of them, such as Felipe de Mora or Antonio Fraile were not residents of Villarrobledo, being counted as residents of Minaya, a few kilometres from the master’s town. For all these reasons, the declaration reflects the sexual roles associated with each gender (maids for the home and servants for field work), age and geographical location.

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Familia y criados de un mercader de Villarrobledo en 1753

ad_hlab_min — Tue, 12 Apr 2022 18:21:47 +0000

The section chosen is the declaration of the merchant Antonio Carbonel, a native of Villarrobledo. The Cadastre of the Marquis de la Ensenada gives us a glimpse of his family structure. He is 60 years old, and in his charge there are 3 nephews: Antonio Forat, aged 26, Antonio Calier, aged 23, and María Luisona, aged 36. The male nephews are in charge of taking the necessary goods to Carbonel to be sold: cloth, linen and silk mainly. Outside the family, the merchant has several servants at his service. The first of these is Juan Serat, a 28-year-old baker’s servant whose job is to bake bread. Juan is from Alicante. The second servant is a woman, Josefa Corbera, 18 years old, single and a resident of Vara del Rey. The associated gender roles stand out; while the man is dedicated to productive tasks, the woman obeys to service and assistance tasks. Likewise, the master, being a merchant and not subject to a land to till, has to travel to do business, extending his network of relationships spatially: consequently, the servants are from different geographical locations, in contrast to the servants subject to a day labourer master.

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Familia y criados de un joven labrador de Villarrobledo en 1753

ad_hlab_min — Tue, 12 Apr 2022 18:21:47 +0000

In many occasions during the Modern Age servants were young and orphans. These situations made them completely dependent on their masters. Moreover, the work of the servants was often oriented according to their gender. The document shown here is an example of both. Juan Tomás Morcillo y Argumanes, of the general state and farmer, aged 36, married, has Francisca Gómez, single, aged 17 and an orphan, as his servant. He also has a labour servant: Juan Montejano, single, 20 years old. Gender roles are clearly shown by the fact that the woman is dedicated to service and care work and the man to farm work. Gender roles were not only reproduced by farmers, as in this case, but other social groups also showed the same behaviour towards servants.

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Criados en Ciudad Real en 1751

ad_hlab_min — Tue, 12 Apr 2022 18:16:18 +0000

La tabla presentada refleja el número y porcentaje de cabezas de familia que tienen criados a su servicio, así como la tipología de los criados. La relación entre ambos factores, amos y criados, están determinados por la estructura socioeconómica del territorio. Así, en Ciudad Real, que contaba con una fuerte oligarquía agraria, el número de criados por cabezas de familia era elevado, más aún entre los estratos pudientes de la sociedad local. Analizando los datos, el 61,3% de los criados de Ciudad Real dependían de oficios perpetuos y de los hidalgos en 1751. En total, de los 50 cabezas de familias privilegiadas, los criados de servicio se contaban por 55 y las criadas de servicio por 75, mostrando una preferencia por las féminas para las tareas domésticas. Por su parte, los criados de labor y ganado eran 156 y 363 respectivamente, en su gran mayoría varones. La media era de 13 criados por familia pudiente. La situación de muchos trabajadores era la de dependencia del amo; más si atendemos a los criados de servicio (el perfil-tipo era mujer, huérfana, soltera y joven).

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