América - History Lab https://historylab.es Wed, 18 May 2022 14:28:21 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0 https://historylab.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/cropped-icono-historylab-32x32.jpg América - History Lab https://historylab.es 32 32 Correspondence between Miguel José de Azanza and José de Mazarredo Salazar. https://historylab.es/correspondence-between-miguel-jose-de-azanza-and-jose-de-mazarredo-salazar/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=correspondence-between-miguel-jose-de-azanza-and-jose-de-mazarredo-salazar Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/correspondencia-de-miguel-jose-de-azanza-con-jose-de-mazarredo-salazar/ Correspondence of José Domingo de Mazarredo and Gortazar with Miguel Jose de Azanza

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]]> It contains four letters addressed by Mazarredo to Azanza: 1. On the transfer of Azanza from Cádiz to El Puerto [de Santa María], and considerations regarding the defence of Cádiz against the English (on board. 8 July 1797). It ends with two expressions written in Basque. 2. On the transport and itineraries of the ship “El Monarca”, whose departure for America was scheduled for the following 20 January, criticising the unclear instructions of the superior (Island, 27 December 1797). Attached is a copy of a letter from José Mazarredo to José Justo Salcedo [y Arauco], in command of the ship “El Monarca”, which in turn inserts another of “19 of the current” from D. Juan Lángara [Minister of the Navy] to Mazarredo (Cádiz. 25 December 1797). 3. On the evolution of the meteorological weather (Island. 17th in the afternoon [probably January 1798]). 4. Sends letter from Mr. Lángara [Minister of the Navy] to Azanza, enclosed, who is not to be found, and announces that his preparations have been approved by the superiority (Island. 18 in the evening [probably January 1798]).

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]]> File on Sabino Rodríguez Campomanes https://historylab.es/file-on-sabino-rodriguez-campomanes/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=file-on-sabino-rodriguez-campomanes Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/expediente-de-sabino-rodriguez-campomanes/ Genealogy of the student of the Royal Seminary of Nobles of Madrid: Sabino Rodríguez Campomanes Amarilla Pérez y Sotomayor. Born in Madrid, 1764.

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]]> File of Sabino Rodríguez de Campomanes to enter as a student at the Royal Seminary of Nobles in Madrid. Son of D. Pedro Rodríguez Campomanes y Pérez, Count of Campomanes, Fiscal and Minister Governor in the Council of Castile, member of the Royal Spanish Academy and of History, President of the Council of the Mesta. The document contains the sacramental certificates and witness information (1776).

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]]> On founding a university in Quito https://historylab.es/on-founding-a-university-in-quito/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=on-founding-a-university-in-quito Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/sobre-fundar-universidad-en-quito/ Letter from Antonio de Morga, president of the audience of Quito, to H.M. on the advisability of founding a university in Quito

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]]> The presence of the Hispanic Monarchy in America resulted in the dissemination of the identity of the conquerors, their language, developing an intense process of evangelisation, hispanisation and acculturation. In this context, the first universities were created in the mid-16th century, such as those of Mexico (1551) and Lima (1555). The process continued throughout the following decades with other foundations in other places, such as Quito.

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]]> Manifesto on the benefits produced by the establishment of the Royal Gipuzkoa Company of Caracas https://historylab.es/manifesto-on-the-benefits-produced-by-the-establishment-of-the-royal-gipuzkoa-company-of-caracas/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=manifesto-on-the-benefits-produced-by-the-establishment-of-the-royal-gipuzkoa-company-of-caracas Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/manifiesto-sobre-los-beneficios-que-produce-el-establecimiento-de-la-real-compania-gipuzcoana-de-caracas/ Manifesto on the benefits produced by the establishment of the Royal Gipuzkoa Company of Caracas

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]]> In 1728, a group of merchants from San Sebastian founded the Royal Guipuzcoa Company of Caracas with the aim of providing the province with a privileged commercial circuit. Thanks to a royal concession, the Company had a monopoly on the cocoa trade, suppressing piracy and smuggling in that part of the Caribbean. This foundation broke the monopoly of cities such as Seville and Cadiz, although competition, falling prices and Venezuelan opposition led to the search for commercial alternatives for a company that was suffering the consequences. Finally, in 1778, the Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas merged with that of the Philippines.

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]]> File on Miguel de Gálvez Maxent Gallardo https://historylab.es/file-on-miguel-de-galvez-maxent-gallardo/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=file-on-miguel-de-galvez-maxent-gallardo Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/expediente-de-miguel-de-galvez-maxent-gallardo/ Genealogy of the student of the Royal Seminary of Nobles of Madrid: Miguel Galvez Maxent y Gallardo. Count of Galvez. Native of Guarico (Venezuela), 1783.

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]]> File of Miguel de Gálvez Maxent to enter as a student at the Royal Seminary of Nobles in Madrid. Son of D. Bernardo de Galvez, Lieutenant General of the Royal Armies, Knight Pensioner of the Royal Order of Charles III, Commander General of the Army of Operations in America. The document contains the seminarian’s baptismal certificate and testimony of nobility from 1792. Miguel de Gálvez was a member of the Gálvez family, born in Macharaviaya (Málaga), one of the most prominent families in 18th century Spanish politics.

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]]> Book notes on Indian languages in Chile and Peru https://historylab.es/book-notes-on-indian-languages-in-chile-and-peru/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=book-notes-on-indian-languages-in-chile-and-peru Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/notas-de-libros-sobre-idiomas-de-indios-en-chile-y-peru/ Book notes on Indian languages in Chile and Peru by Diego Ugalde and Celestino Mutis during their scientific expedition

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]]> Note made by Diego Ugalde of the books relating to the languages of the Indians that he and José Celestino Mutis, director of the Royal Botanical Expedition to the kingdoms of Chile and Peru, were able to bring together by order of the Count of Floridablanca on 3 October 1787, in order to satisfy the wishes of the Empress of Russia.

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]]> Havana Cadet Company Uniform Design https://historylab.es/havana-cadet-company-uniform-design/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=havana-cadet-company-uniform-design Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/diseno-de-uniforme-de-la-compania-de-cadetes-de-la-habana/ Havana Cadet Company Uniform Design

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]]> The need for better-qualified commanders was made more pressing by the technical innovations that the 18th century brought in the field of warfare, leading to the creation of military academies, which played a major role in the dissemination of new knowledge and in the human and professional training of future army commanders. In Havana, the Company of Noble Cadets was created in 1764, which was joined by the sons of both the Spanish and Creole elite.

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]]> Manual calendar and guide for strangers in Madrid https://historylab.es/manual-calendar-and-guide-for-strangers-in-madrid/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=manual-calendar-and-guide-for-strangers-in-madrid Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/kalendario-manual-y-guia-de-forasteros-en-madrid/ Manual calendar and guide of strangers in Madrid. Private calendar and guide for foreigners in Madrid. Patriotic guide of Spain. Patriotic guide of Spain. Political guide of Spain. Political guide of Spain. Political and military guide

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]]> An annual publication founded in 1722 by Luis Félix de Miraval y Spínola, who in the same year obtained the marquisate of Miraval, and Gaspar Ezpeleta, and which until 1734 was entitled Kalendario particular. From 1725 its printer was Juan Sanz, then his heirs, and from 1730, Antonio Sanz, his nephew, who in 1769 ceded the rights to the Spanish Crown in exchange for a lifelong pension. The most complete collection was acquired by the Royal Academy of History, and the one in the possession of the National Library of Spain begins in 1744, stamped with a privilege held by Antonio Sanz, printer to the King and his council. The title page states that it contains the births of the kings, queens, the seventy members of the Sacred College of Cardinals, the princes of Europe, the ministers who make up His Majesty’s courts in their kingdoms, with an indication of their private residences in Madrid. In short, it is a very complete guide to the State Administration of the ancien régime, with an indication of its executive and consultative bodies (royal councils, boards), scientific and academic institutions and other bodies and entities that the Spanish monarchy created throughout the eighteenth century (including the Royal Public Library itself), the book includes the names of the archbishops and bishops of Spain and the Indies, the composition of the courts (chancillerías and audiencias), the list of kingdoms and provinces and partidos, with the names of their governors, intendants and corregidores. It begins with the Gregorian calendar, with the saints’ calendar for each day and astronomical data, and also contains the 40-hour jubilee, as well as statistical data on marriages, births and deaths in the parishes of Madrid, and a summary of the sick in their hospitals. There is also another section on the days on which the court dresses up or the days on which the mails come and leave the General Post Office of Castile in this court, or the list of the Knights of the Golden Fleece. It will also include the values of Spanish coins and their exchange values with the most important coins in Europe. From 1768 it will be accompanied by the Estado militar de España, with its own title page, with the names of the captains and lieutenant generals of His Majesty’s Army, field marshals, brigadiers and naval officers, etc. In the 1767 edition he began to include engravings, such as those of Charles III, the Princes of Asturias and the one of the Palace of Aranjuez, and later those of Charles IV and Queen Maria Luisa, before including those of Ferdinand VII and his daughter, the young Queen Isabella II, in the 19th century. He would also print a dozen maps of Spain and plans by Tomás López and his sons. In 1774, it left the Royal Printing House of the Gazette, and included the lists of knights of Charles III, professors of the Royal Studies, ambassadors and consuls and vice-consuls of the King abroad, the chronology of the kings of Spain and the calendar of the main fairs. In 1790 it already included an index, at the end or at the beginning, and in the 19th century, the lists of the Royal Order of Noble Ladies, the economic societies and the Royal Seminary of Nobles. Its volume increased over the years, from a hundred to over four hundred pages. During the invasion of the Napoleonic army, the kalendario did not appear in 1809 or 1810, and in 1811 it left the printing house of Miguel Segovia, printer to the Royal Navy, from the Royal Island of León in Cadiz, produced by two of the editors who were in charge of the main guides for foreigners, litigants, commerce and finance, and war and the navy in Madrid, and entitled Guía patriótica de España (Patriotic Guide to Spain). It includes an introduction narrating the difficulties encountered in producing it and will consist of two parts. The first part will give an account of the legitimate government, its courts and military state, and the second of the corps and officers of the armies resident in Cadiz, as well as the list of deputies of the Cortes, accompanied by an article. Those of 1812 and 1813 were entitled Guía política de las España, and were also printed in Cádiz, the first in the office of the widow of Comes, and the second in the Imprenta Nacional. In this case it is written by a single editor, and includes patriotic ephemeris of the main events that have been taking place during the war against the French armies, and introductory articles to the list of the legislative body, list of deputies and of the court and secretariat of State of Cortes, executive power, supreme council of Regency, Council of State, ambassadors and commanders of the armies. The 1813 edition will include an addendum entitled Exércitos nacionales. On the return of Ferdinand VII, it returned to its previous title and to practically the same contents as it had published during the old regime, until during the liberal triennium, when it again changed its title and some of its contents, once again including the list of deputies to the Cortes and the new administrative institutions that the incipient liberal State was beginning to create. In 1821 it was entitled Guía de forasteros en Madrid, and in 1822 and 1823 Guía política y militar, printed at the Imprenta Nacional, formerly the Imprenta Real. For its part, the Estado militar de España, which had been published together with the kalendario, in 1821, 1822 and 1823 was entitled Estado de los ejércitos de la monarquía española (State of the Armies of the Spanish Monarchy). The calendar for 1825 is also interesting because the “purified” did not appear in the lists. This publication would continue to be published until 1837, when it was replaced by the Guía de forasteros en Madrid, which included engravings of the queen governor Maria Cristina and her daughter, Isabel II, and gave an account of the new organisation that the liberal state was creating to replace that of the old regime, the kalendario is therefore a basic source of information for understanding both the evolution of the state structure and the holders of its numerous organs and institutions, from the absolutist and enlightened monarchy of the eighteenth century to the first decades of the construction of the liberal state, with its two most influential episodes, the constituent Cortes of Cadiz and its epigone of the triennium.

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]]> Printed matter on free trade for Spanish America in the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián https://historylab.es/printed-matter-on-free-trade-for-spanish-america-in-the-ports-of-bilbao-and-san-sebastian/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=printed-matter-on-free-trade-for-spanish-america-in-the-ports-of-bilbao-and-san-sebastian Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/impreso-sobre-el-libre-comercio-para-la-america-espanola-en-los-puertos-de-bilbao-y-san-sebastian/ Printed matter on free trade for Spanish America in the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián, and various agreements of the General Assemblies on these issues

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]]> In 1765, Cadiz’s monopoly on trade with America was ended, granting freedom of trade to eight Spanish seaports. In 1778 the Decree of Free Trade with America was promulgated. This prompted the regions peripheral to the Court, which had invested in different types of industries to trade with America. In this context, two of the ports that benefited were Bilbao and San Sebastian.

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]]> Royal Decree of Charles III authorising the creation of a National Bank called the Bank of San Carlos https://historylab.es/royal-decree-of-charles-iii-authorising-the-creation-of-a-national-bank-called-the-bank-of-san-carlos/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=royal-decree-of-charles-iii-authorising-the-creation-of-a-national-bank-called-the-bank-of-san-carlos Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/real-cedula-de-carlos-iii-autorizando-la-creacion-de-un-banco-nacional-denominado-banco-de-san-carlos/ Document relating to the foundation, 1782, of the Banco de San Carlos, the first national bank

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]]> The 18th century, even in a European context, saw the beginning of a period of marked economic protectionism. This period was marked by the need to impose heavy taxes on imports and to free the movement of goods within the country from these economic obstacles. In 1782, the Spanish monarchy created the Banco de San Carlos, the first national bank in Spain, to deal with this situation, although its activity did not alleviate the problems of the Treasury.

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