América - History Lab https://historylab.es Wed, 18 May 2022 14:28:46 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0.3 https://historylab.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/cropped-icono-historylab-32x32.jpg América - History Lab https://historylab.es 32 32 Correspondence between Miguel José de Azanza and José de Mazarredo Salazar. https://historylab.es/correspondence-between-miguel-jose-de-azanza-and-jose-de-mazarredo-salazar/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=correspondence-between-miguel-jose-de-azanza-and-jose-de-mazarredo-salazar Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/correspondencia-de-miguel-jose-de-azanza-con-jose-de-mazarredo-salazar/ Correspondence of José Domingo de Mazarredo and Gortazar with Miguel Jose de Azanza

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]]> It contains four letters addressed by Mazarredo to Azanza: 1. On the transfer of Azanza from Cádiz to El Puerto [de Santa María], and considerations regarding the defence of Cádiz against the English (on board. 8 July 1797). It ends with two expressions written in Basque. 2. On the transport and itineraries of the ship “El Monarca”, whose departure for America was scheduled for the following 20 January, criticising the unclear instructions of the superior (Island, 27 December 1797). Attached is a copy of a letter from José Mazarredo to José Justo Salcedo [y Arauco], in command of the ship “El Monarca”, which in turn inserts another of “19 of the current” from D. Juan Lángara [Minister of the Navy] to Mazarredo (Cádiz. 25 December 1797). 3. On the evolution of the meteorological weather (Island. 17th in the afternoon [probably January 1798]). 4. Sends letter from Mr. Lángara [Minister of the Navy] to Azanza, enclosed, who is not to be found, and announces that his preparations have been approved by the superiority (Island. 18 in the evening [probably January 1798]).

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]]> Manifesto on the benefits produced by the establishment of the Royal Gipuzkoa Company of Caracas https://historylab.es/manifesto-on-the-benefits-produced-by-the-establishment-of-the-royal-gipuzkoa-company-of-caracas/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=manifesto-on-the-benefits-produced-by-the-establishment-of-the-royal-gipuzkoa-company-of-caracas Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/manifiesto-sobre-los-beneficios-que-produce-el-establecimiento-de-la-real-compania-gipuzcoana-de-caracas/ Manifesto on the benefits produced by the establishment of the Royal Gipuzkoa Company of Caracas

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]]> In 1728, a group of merchants from San Sebastian founded the Royal Guipuzcoa Company of Caracas with the aim of providing the province with a privileged commercial circuit. Thanks to a royal concession, the Company had a monopoly on the cocoa trade, suppressing piracy and smuggling in that part of the Caribbean. This foundation broke the monopoly of cities such as Seville and Cadiz, although competition, falling prices and Venezuelan opposition led to the search for commercial alternatives for a company that was suffering the consequences. Finally, in 1778, the Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas merged with that of the Philippines.

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]]> File on Miguel de Gálvez Maxent Gallardo https://historylab.es/file-on-miguel-de-galvez-maxent-gallardo/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=file-on-miguel-de-galvez-maxent-gallardo Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/expediente-de-miguel-de-galvez-maxent-gallardo/ Genealogy of the student of the Royal Seminary of Nobles of Madrid: Miguel Galvez Maxent y Gallardo. Count of Galvez. Native of Guarico (Venezuela), 1783.

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]]> File of Miguel de Gálvez Maxent to enter as a student at the Royal Seminary of Nobles in Madrid. Son of D. Bernardo de Galvez, Lieutenant General of the Royal Armies, Knight Pensioner of the Royal Order of Charles III, Commander General of the Army of Operations in America. The document contains the seminarian’s baptismal certificate and testimony of nobility from 1792. Miguel de Gálvez was a member of the Gálvez family, born in Macharaviaya (Málaga), one of the most prominent families in 18th century Spanish politics.

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]]> File on Sabino Rodríguez Campomanes https://historylab.es/file-on-sabino-rodriguez-campomanes/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=file-on-sabino-rodriguez-campomanes Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/expediente-de-sabino-rodriguez-campomanes/ Genealogy of the student of the Royal Seminary of Nobles of Madrid: Sabino Rodríguez Campomanes Amarilla Pérez y Sotomayor. Born in Madrid, 1764.

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]]> File of Sabino Rodríguez de Campomanes to enter as a student at the Royal Seminary of Nobles in Madrid. Son of D. Pedro Rodríguez Campomanes y Pérez, Count of Campomanes, Fiscal and Minister Governor in the Council of Castile, member of the Royal Spanish Academy and of History, President of the Council of the Mesta. The document contains the sacramental certificates and witness information (1776).

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]]> On founding a university in Quito https://historylab.es/on-founding-a-university-in-quito/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=on-founding-a-university-in-quito Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/sobre-fundar-universidad-en-quito/ Letter from Antonio de Morga, president of the audience of Quito, to H.M. on the advisability of founding a university in Quito

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]]> The presence of the Hispanic Monarchy in America resulted in the dissemination of the identity of the conquerors, their language, developing an intense process of evangelisation, hispanisation and acculturation. In this context, the first universities were created in the mid-16th century, such as those of Mexico (1551) and Lima (1555). The process continued throughout the following decades with other foundations in other places, such as Quito.

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]]> Printed matter on free trade for Spanish America in the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián https://historylab.es/printed-matter-on-free-trade-for-spanish-america-in-the-ports-of-bilbao-and-san-sebastian/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=printed-matter-on-free-trade-for-spanish-america-in-the-ports-of-bilbao-and-san-sebastian Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/impreso-sobre-el-libre-comercio-para-la-america-espanola-en-los-puertos-de-bilbao-y-san-sebastian/ Printed matter on free trade for Spanish America in the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián, and various agreements of the General Assemblies on these issues

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]]> In 1765, Cadiz’s monopoly on trade with America was ended, granting freedom of trade to eight Spanish seaports. In 1778 the Decree of Free Trade with America was promulgated. This prompted the regions peripheral to the Court, which had invested in different types of industries to trade with America. In this context, two of the ports that benefited were Bilbao and San Sebastian.

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]]> Royal Decree of Charles III authorising the creation of a National Bank called the Bank of San Carlos https://historylab.es/royal-decree-of-charles-iii-authorising-the-creation-of-a-national-bank-called-the-bank-of-san-carlos/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=royal-decree-of-charles-iii-authorising-the-creation-of-a-national-bank-called-the-bank-of-san-carlos Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/real-cedula-de-carlos-iii-autorizando-la-creacion-de-un-banco-nacional-denominado-banco-de-san-carlos/ Document relating to the foundation, 1782, of the Banco de San Carlos, the first national bank

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]]> The 18th century, even in a European context, saw the beginning of a period of marked economic protectionism. This period was marked by the need to impose heavy taxes on imports and to free the movement of goods within the country from these economic obstacles. In 1782, the Spanish monarchy created the Banco de San Carlos, the first national bank in Spain, to deal with this situation, although its activity did not alleviate the problems of the Treasury.

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]]> Instruction to Columbus: Voyage and good government in the Indies https://historylab.es/instruction-to-columbus-voyage-and-good-government-in-the-indies/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=instruction-to-columbus-voyage-and-good-government-in-the-indies Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/instruccion-a-colon-viaje-y-buen-gobierno-de-indias/ Instruction given by the Catholic Monarchs to Admiral Christopher Columbus for the voyage he was to make to the Indies and the good government of the lands he would discover

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]]> In the course of the 15th century, Portugal and Castile were at the forefront of overseas expansion along the Atlantic coast of Africa. Progress in cartography, navigational instruments and shipbuilding made it possible to sail the Atlantic. The dispute between Portugal and Castile was settled in 1494 with the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which established a dividing line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Columbus’ first expedition left Cabo de Palos in August, arriving on 12 October 1492 at an island in the Caribbean, later called San Salvador. At the same time, Columbus discovered the island of Cuba and, later, the island of Santo Domingo, which was called Hispaniola. Columbus made three voyages, and it was during the third (1498) that they reached the mainland.

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]]> Book notes on Indian languages in Chile and Peru https://historylab.es/book-notes-on-indian-languages-in-chile-and-peru/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=book-notes-on-indian-languages-in-chile-and-peru Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/notas-de-libros-sobre-idiomas-de-indios-en-chile-y-peru/ Book notes on Indian languages in Chile and Peru by Diego Ugalde and Celestino Mutis during their scientific expedition

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]]> Note made by Diego Ugalde of the books relating to the languages of the Indians that he and José Celestino Mutis, director of the Royal Botanical Expedition to the kingdoms of Chile and Peru, were able to bring together by order of the Count of Floridablanca on 3 October 1787, in order to satisfy the wishes of the Empress of Russia.

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]]> Havana Cadet Company Uniform Design https://historylab.es/havana-cadet-company-uniform-design/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=havana-cadet-company-uniform-design Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/diseno-de-uniforme-de-la-compania-de-cadetes-de-la-habana/ Havana Cadet Company Uniform Design

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]]> The need for better-qualified commanders was made more pressing by the technical innovations that the 18th century brought in the field of warfare, leading to the creation of military academies, which played a major role in the dissemination of new knowledge and in the human and professional training of future army commanders. In Havana, the Company of Noble Cadets was created in 1764, which was joined by the sons of both the Spanish and Creole elite.

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