cartas - History Lab

Letter of Lope de Vega Carpio

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

In the 17th century, in the face of the general situation of crisis, the field of literature experienced a brilliant period. Its main features can be defined as national exaltation, popular character and defence of traditions. Among the different disciplines, the theatre and the picaresque novel stood out. Cervantes, together with Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Calderón and Góngora were some of the main figures of the period.

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Correspondence of José Domingo de Mazarredo and Xavier María de Munibe, Count of Peñaflorida

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

Jose de Mazarredo Salazar (1745-1812), born in Bilbao, reached the rank of Admiral and Lieutenant General of the Navy. One of the most outstanding sailors in the history of Spain, he was a man of science as well as an outstanding organiser of naval tactics. Author of various works and leader of several scientific expeditions, his military work did not prevent him from presiding over the General Assemblies of Vizcaya in 1808 in which Joseph Bonaparte was sworn in as Lord of Vizcaya.

The post Correspondence of José Domingo de Mazarredo and Xavier María de Munibe, Count of Peñaflorida first appeared on History Lab.

Correspondence between Miguel José de Azanza and José de Mazarredo Salazar.

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

It contains four letters addressed by Mazarredo to Azanza: 1. On the transfer of Azanza from Cádiz to El Puerto [de Santa María], and considerations regarding the defence of Cádiz against the English (on board. 8 July 1797). It ends with two expressions written in Basque. 2. On the transport and itineraries of the ship “El Monarca”, whose departure for America was scheduled for the following 20 January, criticising the unclear instructions of the superior (Island, 27 December 1797). Attached is a copy of a letter from José Mazarredo to José Justo Salcedo [y Arauco], in command of the ship “El Monarca”, which in turn inserts another of “19 of the current” from D. Juan Lángara [Minister of the Navy] to Mazarredo (Cádiz. 25 December 1797). 3. On the evolution of the meteorological weather (Island. 17th in the afternoon [probably January 1798]). 4. Sends letter from Mr. Lángara [Minister of the Navy] to Azanza, enclosed, who is not to be found, and announces that his preparations have been approved by the superiority (Island. 18 in the evening [probably January 1798]).

The post Correspondence between Miguel José de Azanza and José de Mazarredo Salazar. first appeared on History Lab.

Correspondence of Miguel José de Azanza with José de Mazarredo Salazar

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:37 +0000

The post Correspondence of Miguel José de Azanza with José de Mazarredo Salazar first appeared on History Lab.

Card players

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:30:19 +0000

A group of majos, portrayed by Goya, are playing cards in a field in the shade of a cloak draped over the branches of a tree. One of them looks worriedly at his cards, as does another of his companions, as their gold coins have gone into the hat of his opponent, lying on the ground in front of them. Behind them, three knaves beckon their sidekick to indicate the cards held by the unsuspecting victims. The perfectly studied contrasts of light and shade emphasise the realism of this scene of deception, in which Goya paid careful attention to the faces and expressions of each of the figures. The resulting tapestry hung in the dining room of the Princes of Asturias (the future Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma)

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Formalisation of letters of obligation by masters and captains of ships (1580-1598)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

Notary publics set up public offices with royal authority to publicly attest the validity of an agreement and the identity of the parties who signed it. The use of this type of notarial document increased steadily in the main commercial centres of the time, such as Seville, because the notary public offices allowed local and foreign merchants to formalise their agreements without discriminating against them on the basis of their origin or status in the city. In this sense, the power of attorney could be relatively broad, granting full power to the proxy, or, on the contrary, very specific, limiting the action of the person who received it, as the flexibility of these was one of the factors that explained the popularity of the power of attorney itself. After Seville, the geographical references that appear most frequently in proxy letters are the ports of the Andalusian Atlantic coast, especially Sanlúcar de Barrameda, followed by Cádiz. The rise of the former was favoured by the policies of the Duke of Media Sidonia to attract foreign mercantile activity to the region. However, letters of obligation granted by masters and captains of the Carrera de Indias began to be frequent from the mid-1590s for several reasons: until then, contracts were formalised in other notaries’ offices; the existence of greater liquidity until 1590 allowed captains and masters to pay immediately without forcing payment on credit. From 1588 onwards, with the worsening of the wars with England and the Netherlands, merchants understood that the risk of financial operations with America increased and decided to formalise their operations to defend themselves against non-payment or confiscation by the monarchy.

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