Diplomacia - History Lab

Manual calendar and guide for strangers in Madrid

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

An annual publication founded in 1722 by Luis Félix de Miraval y Spínola, who in the same year obtained the marquisate of Miraval, and Gaspar Ezpeleta, and which until 1734 was entitled Kalendario particular. From 1725 its printer was Juan Sanz, then his heirs, and from 1730, Antonio Sanz, his nephew, who in 1769 ceded the rights to the Spanish Crown in exchange for a lifelong pension. The most complete collection was acquired by the Royal Academy of History, and the one in the possession of the National Library of Spain begins in 1744, stamped with a privilege held by Antonio Sanz, printer to the King and his council. The title page states that it contains the births of the kings, queens, the seventy members of the Sacred College of Cardinals, the princes of Europe, the ministers who make up His Majesty’s courts in their kingdoms, with an indication of their private residences in Madrid. In short, it is a very complete guide to the State Administration of the ancien régime, with an indication of its executive and consultative bodies (royal councils, boards), scientific and academic institutions and other bodies and entities that the Spanish monarchy created throughout the eighteenth century (including the Royal Public Library itself), the book includes the names of the archbishops and bishops of Spain and the Indies, the composition of the courts (chancillerías and audiencias), the list of kingdoms and provinces and partidos, with the names of their governors, intendants and corregidores. It begins with the Gregorian calendar, with the saints’ calendar for each day and astronomical data, and also contains the 40-hour jubilee, as well as statistical data on marriages, births and deaths in the parishes of Madrid, and a summary of the sick in their hospitals. There is also another section on the days on which the court dresses up or the days on which the mails come and leave the General Post Office of Castile in this court, or the list of the Knights of the Golden Fleece. It will also include the values of Spanish coins and their exchange values with the most important coins in Europe. From 1768 it will be accompanied by the Estado militar de España, with its own title page, with the names of the captains and lieutenant generals of His Majesty’s Army, field marshals, brigadiers and naval officers, etc. In the 1767 edition he began to include engravings, such as those of Charles III, the Princes of Asturias and the one of the Palace of Aranjuez, and later those of Charles IV and Queen Maria Luisa, before including those of Ferdinand VII and his daughter, the young Queen Isabella II, in the 19th century. He would also print a dozen maps of Spain and plans by Tomás López and his sons. In 1774, it left the Royal Printing House of the Gazette, and included the lists of knights of Charles III, professors of the Royal Studies, ambassadors and consuls and vice-consuls of the King abroad, the chronology of the kings of Spain and the calendar of the main fairs. In 1790 it already included an index, at the end or at the beginning, and in the 19th century, the lists of the Royal Order of Noble Ladies, the economic societies and the Royal Seminary of Nobles. Its volume increased over the years, from a hundred to over four hundred pages. During the invasion of the Napoleonic army, the kalendario did not appear in 1809 or 1810, and in 1811 it left the printing house of Miguel Segovia, printer to the Royal Navy, from the Royal Island of León in Cadiz, produced by two of the editors who were in charge of the main guides for foreigners, litigants, commerce and finance, and war and the navy in Madrid, and entitled Guía patriótica de España (Patriotic Guide to Spain). It includes an introduction narrating the difficulties encountered in producing it and will consist of two parts. The first part will give an account of the legitimate government, its courts and military state, and the second of the corps and officers of the armies resident in Cadiz, as well as the list of deputies of the Cortes, accompanied by an article. Those of 1812 and 1813 were entitled Guía política de las España, and were also printed in Cádiz, the first in the office of the widow of Comes, and the second in the Imprenta Nacional. In this case it is written by a single editor, and includes patriotic ephemeris of the main events that have been taking place during the war against the French armies, and introductory articles to the list of the legislative body, list of deputies and of the court and secretariat of State of Cortes, executive power, supreme council of Regency, Council of State, ambassadors and commanders of the armies. The 1813 edition will include an addendum entitled Exércitos nacionales. On the return of Ferdinand VII, it returned to its previous title and to practically the same contents as it had published during the old regime, until during the liberal triennium, when it again changed its title and some of its contents, once again including the list of deputies to the Cortes and the new administrative institutions that the incipient liberal State was beginning to create. In 1821 it was entitled Guía de forasteros en Madrid, and in 1822 and 1823 Guía política y militar, printed at the Imprenta Nacional, formerly the Imprenta Real. For its part, the Estado militar de España, which had been published together with the kalendario, in 1821, 1822 and 1823 was entitled Estado de los ejércitos de la monarquía española (State of the Armies of the Spanish Monarchy). The calendar for 1825 is also interesting because the “purified” did not appear in the lists. This publication would continue to be published until 1837, when it was replaced by the Guía de forasteros en Madrid, which included engravings of the queen governor Maria Cristina and her daughter, Isabel II, and gave an account of the new organisation that the liberal state was creating to replace that of the old regime, the kalendario is therefore a basic source of information for understanding both the evolution of the state structure and the holders of its numerous organs and institutions, from the absolutist and enlightened monarchy of the eighteenth century to the first decades of the construction of the liberal state, with its two most influential episodes, the constituent Cortes of Cadiz and its epigone of the triennium.

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File in which the proofs of nobility of the diplomat Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar are presented

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:30 +0000

Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar, born in Bilbao, was a Spanish merchant, politician, diplomat and financier. He went down in history as the first Spanish Ambassador to the United States (1784-89), where he carried out important commercial missions for the Spanish Monarchy under the orders of Floridablanca.

The post File in which the proofs of nobility of the diplomat Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar are presented first appeared on History Lab.

Moroccan Embassy to Charles III

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:25 +0000

Painting showing the presence of a Moroccan embassy in the presence of Charles III. This is the embassy carried out by Uṯmān al-Maknāsī, envoy of the Moroccan sultan to agree both the renewal of peace between the two kingdoms and to discuss the release of Muslim captives in Spain. Diplomatic relations between Spain and the Kingdom of Morocco date back to the 16th century, when the Sa’adi monarchs needed Spanish protection to deal with Ottoman and Algerian expansion in the western Mediterranean. What makes this period, in which Charles III played a leading role in the 18th century, special is the desire on both sides to close a chapter of centuries of mutual harassment. This diplomatic encounter was followed by the extremely important peace agreements with the Ottoman Empire and later with Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli in the 1890s. This was also a period when political primacy was no longer in the Mediterranean and treaties of peace and friendship were being forged in an attempt to promote trade.

The post Moroccan Embassy to Charles III first appeared on History Lab.

American Conquest

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:22 +0000

In American Conquest, veteran players of the Cossacks saga set off to America to explore the New World and discover riches. For this instalment, the game begins in 1492 when Columbus sights land in the Caribbean and so begins three centuries of warfare between 12 different sides, including European nations such as Spain, England and France, and local tribes such as the Aztecs, Incas, Mayas and Sioux.
Reviewing the actions of historical figures such as Pizarro or Washington, there are massive battles of up to 16,000 units, doubling the numbers of the previous 3D games. In these new scenarios, there are also new technologies different from the European ones, weapons characteristic of their inhabitants and the much-needed diplomacy gains weight and importance, as not everything is about making war and several sides can benefit from the exchange of resources. Finally, in terms of gameplay, morale is also introduced in the troops, where victories, defeats or available resources will constantly modify their characteristics.

The post American Conquest first appeared on History Lab.

American Conquest: Fight Back

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:22 +0000

As a sequel to Fight Back, American Conquest introduces new historical and playable elements to provide a more complete understanding of the American period between 1517 and 1804. This time around, five new nations are introduced, including Germany, Russia, the Haida Natives of Alaska, the Netherlands and Portugal, as well as 26 bonus missions. Through eight new campaigns, the conquest of Alaska, the establishment of German colonies in Chile and the numerous battles of the Spanish Empire across the vast American territory will be revealed.
In terms of military strategy, the role of tactical formations dominated by these armies, both for infantry and for cavalry and artillery, is gaining in importance, and the morale system present in American Conquest is complemented by factors such as the equipment of the troops, their supplies and the possibility of hiring or not mercenaries to support them on the battlefield.

The post American Conquest: Fight Back first appeared on History Lab.

Cossacks 3

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:22 +0000

Cossacks returns a decade later with its third instalment to once again demonstrate the importance of strategically combining warfare, army building, construction, economics and technology to achieve victory as a nation. This time the historical focus is on the events of the 17th and 18th centuries, doubling the number of simultaneous units from the last instalment to 32,000 and with full 3D rendering of characters and scenarios.
Playably, the influence, both moral and military, that certain units can have on the battlefield has been introduced. Thus, with 20 nations available, 120 different units, 100 technical upgrades and 220 buildings recreated historically true to the original, the player can not only relive the battles of the era, but also build modern-day cities and extend their dominance to the sea.
On this occasion, the number of fields has been reduced to five, thus aiming for concreteness rather than quantity and explaining in more detail the events that shaped the most important events of the Modern Age.

The post Cossacks 3 first appeared on History Lab.

John of Austria, the hero of Lepanto

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:06 +0000

This 12-minute video tells the story of John of Austria, illegitimate son of Charles V, who was a royal, military and diplomatic figure during the reign of his paternal brother, King Philip II.

The post John of Austria, the hero of Lepanto first appeared on History Lab.

Shogun: Total War

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:35 +0000

First video game in the Total War series. It deals with the conflicts of the Sengoku Era (from the 15th to the early 17th century). The game takes the player into the leadership of a clan, with the mission to conquer the nation and become shogun. It is based on a map of Japan, where aspects such as military force, religion, diplomacy, espionage and economics influence the player’s decisions. Battles take place in a 3D environment, in real time (not turn-based).

The post Shogun: Total War first appeared on History Lab.

Total War: Empire

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:35 +0000

The video game is the fifth title in the Total War series. As in the previous titles, the player must choose a faction and try to dominate Europe, North Africa and America, through military force, politics, diplomacy, espionage and economic development. It is the first game in the series to allow you to conduct naval battles in real time. It includes a campaign to direct the development of the USA from the settlement of Jamestown to the Revolutionary War, as well as re-enactments of historic battles from the 18th century.

The post Total War: Empire first appeared on History Lab.

Total War: Shogun 2

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:35 +0000

The fifth instalment in the Total War series. The game takes us to the Japanese feudal era, where the territory is dominated by nine rival clans led by local warlords. The game’s artificial intelligence is based on Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. The game features considerable improvements over the first in the series. In campaign mode, the player must control settlement development, military production, economic growth, technological advancement and diplomatic relations. The main attraction of the game, however, is its 3D pitched battles.

The post Total War: Shogun 2 first appeared on History Lab.