estados unidos - History Lab

Declaration of Independence of the United States

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:30 +0000

Facsimile edition of the original manuscript of the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. The document contains the signatures of the fifty-six representatives of the United States who signed the document.

The post Declaration of Independence of the United States first appeared on History Lab.

File in which the proofs of nobility of the diplomat Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar are presented

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:30 +0000

Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar, born in Bilbao, was a Spanish merchant, politician, diplomat and financier. He went down in history as the first Spanish Ambassador to the United States (1784-89), where he carried out important commercial missions for the Spanish Monarchy under the orders of Floridablanca.

The post File in which the proofs of nobility of the diplomat Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar are presented first appeared on History Lab.

Annual movement of ships between the United States and Spain, 1780-1800

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The 1790s provided the newly created republic of the United States with a commercial impetus during the early years of the 19th century that would contribute to the development of the new nation. Independence brought an end to the policies of exclusivity and the opening of colonial ports, particularly Spanish and French ones. Contrary to what might have been thought, trade between the Thirteen Colonies and ports on the Iberian Peninsula did not come to a standstill; ports such as Philadelphia intensified their traffic with Cadiz and Lisbon. Navigation, especially to Cadiz and through the Strait of Gibraltar, was not without risk. Since Independence, the US government tried to neutralise the activity of Barbary corsairs against its commerce by disbursing money. In this regard, American captains interested in the trade arrived in Iberian ports. Between 1780-1800, 765 ships left US ports for the Iberian Peninsula and another 1,312 touched a Portuguese or Spanish port before sailing back across the Atlantic. The close-up reveals a considerable difference between the number of ships that left (514) and those that returned (616), a circumstance that could be due to nature itself. This table reveals that the annual movement of traffic was within the growth parameters that characterised American shipping in the late 1800s. However, not all American ports had the same relevance in traffic with Spain, as specialisation in the export of certain goods conditioned the traffic pattern. Spanish demand was centred on cereals, flour, fish and wood, therefore, the ports of Philadelphia and Salem were those which concentrated the greatest number of departures, 49.5% and 39% respectively. In the case of inbound traffic, the situation changes, with 62% of the ships going to the port of Philadelphia and only 17% returning to Marblehead. The distribution of traffic was fairly homogeneous: between 1780-1800 the majority of American ships went to Cadiz and Bilbao (49.7%), although with substantial differences in terms of the origin of the vessels.

The post Annual movement of ships between the United States and Spain, 1780-1800 first appeared on History Lab.

Departures of ships from US ports to various Spanish ports, 1780-1800

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The 1790s provided the newly created republic of the United States with a commercial impetus during the early years of the 19th century that would contribute to the development of the new nation. Independence brought an end to the policies of exclusivity and the opening of colonial ports, particularly Spanish and French ones. Contrary to what might be thought, trade between the Thirteen Colonies and the ports of the Iberian Peninsula did not come to a standstill; ports such as Philadelphia intensified their traffic with Cadiz and Lisbon. Navigations, especially to Cadiz and through the Strait of Gibraltar, were not without risk. The concentration of maritime traffic in the ports of Philadelphia, Salem and Marblehead is reflected in this table, both for vessels leaving and arriving from US ports. The discrepancies between the number of departures and arrivals betray the inclination of American capitals to visit different ports on their voyages, so that ships leaving Salem for any Spanish port returned from other European ports. The distribution of traffic was fairly homogeneous: between 17880-1800 the majority of American ships went to Cadiz and Bilbao (49.7%), although with substantial differences in the origin of vessels. To Cadiz they came mainly from Philadelphia and to a lesser extent from New England, while Bilbao was more frequently visited by ships from the latter area. Tenerife especially received American ships arriving from Philadelphia, and La Coruña received those coming from New England. The commercial links between specific areas are undoubtedly determined by the demand and supply of goods. Cadiz’s relationship with Philadelphia and, probably with Baltimore and Charleston, stems from the need to supply cereals and flour, both for the surrounding area and for subsequent distribution. In Tenerife, the commercial activity of the American ships that transported the flour to the island, part of the merchandise was re-exported to Cuba. However, the table shows 50 ships that did not declare a specific port of destination, stating only their intention to travel to Spain. Most of these left Philadelphia in 1790 (38 of them). Another fact to bear in mind is the lack of interest on the part of American captains in voyages to Spanish Mediterranean ports, which may have generated some dissatisfaction on the part of the American government when, from 1786 onwards, it took a stand for control of the Moroccan corsairs.

The post Departures of ships from US ports to various Spanish ports, 1780-1800 first appeared on History Lab.

Total War: Empire

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:35 +0000

The video game is the fifth title in the Total War series. As in the previous titles, the player must choose a faction and try to dominate Europe, North Africa and America, through military force, politics, diplomacy, espionage and economic development. It is the first game in the series to allow you to conduct naval battles in real time. It includes a campaign to direct the development of the USA from the settlement of Jamestown to the Revolutionary War, as well as re-enactments of historic battles from the 18th century.

The post Total War: Empire first appeared on History Lab.

Assassin’s Creed III

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:29 +0000

Fifth video game in the main saga of the Assassin’s Creed series. It begins the Kenway saga and controls two characters. The second, who is the protagonist for much of the plot, is Ratohnhaké:tön, a Mohawk member of the fictional Order of Assassins, who assumes an important role in the events leading up to and accompanying the American War of Independence. Its settings focus especially on the cities of Boston and New York, although part of the rural territories of the Thirteen Colonies and bordering territories are included, where the plot unfolds while historical characters such as George Washington, Edward Braddock, Israel Putnam or Samuel Adams are met. It stands out for the richness of its setting and the interaction with the environment, although this is accompanied by important historical licences.

The post Assassin’s Creed III first appeared on History Lab.

Europa Universalis II

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:29 +0000

The second video game in the Europa Universalis series. In it, the player controls a state over five centuries, managing its economy, military conquests, diplomatic alliances, scientific development, exploration and colonisation, religious affairs and the instability of its kingdom. It has several historical settings, dedicated to colonialism, the American War of Independence or the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign allows you to choose between Austria, England, France, Poland, Russia, Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Monarchy.

The post Europa Universalis II first appeared on History Lab.