Europa - History Lab

Portulan chart of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:30:33 +0000

The representation of the portulan chart covers the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic from Iceland and the southern coast of Scandinavia to Gambia and Cape Rouge in Africa. It includes enough ocean space to depict the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. There is no section of the South American coastline. There are two longitude scales over the Atlantic, in red and blue; next to the southernmost one, the authorship and date are mentioned, stating: ‘[Rubric] Joan Vespuchi, pilot of his Highness, me fecit en Sevilla, anno de 1520 [Rubric]’. Coats of arms appear over England, Scotland and Ireland. There are symbols of major cities on seven identical monuments, red over Tunis, Milan and Belgrade (possible sources of threat) and green over Jerusalem, Venice, Genoa, Seville and over Morocco. Flags over Turkey, Crimea, France and the islands of Madeira and the Canaries. The chart, whose author is Juan, or Giovanni, Vespucci, was drawn according to the Mediterranean chart kept at the Casa de la Contratación. It introduces the theme of navigation to the west across the Atlantic by means of the double graduation system, embodied in the use of two longitude scales. The coastal outlines are very similar to Gabriel de Valseca’s chart of 1439. The coastline is drawn in sepia and green, the place names in sepia and red, and the islands in red, blue and gold.

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Country tasks or Spring

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:30:33 +0000

The scene depicted by Fiammingo shows the typical labours of the European peasantry in the second half of the 16th century at a particular time of the year. Various actions can be seen, ranging from gathering and making butter in the foreground, to milking cows for milk in the background, and in the distance, hunting for meat and skins to make coats and grazing. All of this is set in an idealised bucolic environment.

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Population distribution in Europe (1500-1750)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:13 +0000

During the European Modern Age, the distribution of population among the different countries of the continent diverged according to their size, population characteristics, demography and socio-economic system. In general terms, the urban world grew quantitatively between 1500 and 1750 in most Western countries, although with varying intensity. England was the most developed in this respect; a development, however, that was already present in some Mediterranean countries, such as Spain and Italy, and others in the north, such as Belgium and the Netherlands. Despite urban growth, the great evolution that the author identifies in relation to population is the exponential development of the non-agricultural rural world. In fact, if in 1500 there were 152 rural nuclei of this type, in 1750 they rose to 236, in contrast to the decrease in the agricultural sphere, from 612 in 1500 to 505 in the middle of the 18th century. The transformation of the rural world was, once again, uneven across the continent. While England, Germany, France, Austria/Hungary and Poland were the communities that most experienced this process, Italy and Spain experienced it with less incidence. In short, the distribution of population in modern Europe meant that the countries where the agricultural revolution developed the earliest grew at the quantitative levels that were already present in the Mediterranean areas.

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Long-term legitimate fertility rates in the Lower Minho (Pontevedra). Ages of women (thousand women). Before 1750. Age groups; Legitimate Fertility-Theoretical Descent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:52 +0000

The pace of life of European populations seems to require more and more than a demographic micro-analysis, a new approach to traditional space, more prolonged towards the contemporary age. The lower Minho (Pontevedra) is one of the most industrialised areas of the country, where, in addition, the control of late births is presented as a privileged laboratory for the study of a complex problem of human reproduction. Michael W. Flinn, in a synthesis work of 1981, did not respect legitimate fertility as a privileged indicator of legitimate fertility rates by age groups of women. He distinguishes three periods: one before 1750, one from 1740 to 1790 and one from 1780 to 1820. The table shows that the pressure on fertility before 1750 is greater in France than in the other two countries, particularly in relation to England. However, Michael Anderson, in a paper published in 1988, presents research on the timing of marital fertility for the selected regions. Germany, England and France, which are divided in the table into four zones: north-west, north-east, south-west and south-east. As can be seen, in the three cases considered, before the middle of the 19th century, a decrease in the birth rate can be observed in France.

The post Long-term legitimate fertility rates in the Lower Minho (Pontevedra). Ages of women (thousand women). Before 1750. Age groups; Legitimate Fertility-Theoretical Descent first appeared on History Lab.

Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:27 +0000

This instalment of the Age of Empires saga focuses on 14 of the most powerful civilisations in Europe, the Americas and Asia, spanning a historical period from the 16th to the 19th centuries. In this definitive edition, the graphics and music have been remastered, including all the expansions released to date and other never-before-seen content. The civilisations available include Spain, England, France, Portugal, Russia, Germany and many others.
The game’s setting focuses on the era of European colonisation of the Americas, with the Old World nations facing off against the newly developing powers. New in comparison to the previous game, each civilisation has a detailed 3D metropolis, and troop progression is added through role-playing elements. In addition, with the new content already added, it allows the option of playing independence revolutions to rise up against the colonising civilisation.

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Age of Empires IV

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:27 +0000

Age of Empires returns 16 years later to demonstrate why it is one of the most recognised sagas in historical strategy. On this occasion it combines the management that brought it so much success in its time with other innovative tools that facilitate the entry of both the new player to the strategy genre, thanks to the complete integrated tutorials, and the veteran who is looking for a challenge to match and who can handle more complex game mechanics and combat techniques.
Historically, this time it seeks to recreate the great battles that led to the building of our world as we know it. Through 8 civilisations, passing through England, China, France or the Sultanate of Delhi, we will face four great campaigns: the Norman conquest of England, the Hundred Years’ War, the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the history of the Mongol Empire. All these elements centre the game from the Dark Ages to the Renaissance of the 16th century.

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Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:27 +0000

Age of Empires II features historical campaigns based on a novel storyline that spans a vast period between the 5th and 16th centuries. This definitive edition was released in 2019 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the original video game released in 1999, making some corrections and technologically improving an already excellent base.
Historically the game features the campaigns of 18 civilisations, starting in the Middle Ages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and running through to the European Renaissance of the 16th century. The goal is therefore to strategically manage resources to build a vast empire and overcome other enemy factions.
The campaigns take a historical look at the lives and triumphs of different key figures from our past, such as William Wallace, Joan of Arc, Saladin and Genghis Khan, among others. As for the factions, this year’s factions are divided into Western European, Central European, Middle Eastern and Far Eastern factions, each with their own unique units and historically known warriors.

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Imperial Glory

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:22 +0000

Imperial Glory places the player in the mid-18th century in the lead-up to the French Revolution, providing the tools and historical keys to strengthening an empire during the early stages of the game, and then resolving it by confronting the other colonial powers in a race for expansion in the more than fifty royal enclaves in Europe and Africa. To more accurately recreate the game’s mapping, Pyro Studios has created an actual provincial map for each of the game’s territories, showing characteristic elements such as the palace of Potsdam or the barren fields of Castile.
It is essential to understand and apply real war tactics, in which height on the battlefield, the search for natural and artificial cover and the creation of specific formations against the enemy army distribution must be mastered. In addition to this, the game seeks to represent as truthfully as possible the transition between 18th and 19th century tactics, with cavalry and artillery gaining importance to the detriment of a potentially more numerous but volatile infantry. Finally, one of the most interesting game modes is that of “historical battles”, focused on military history enthusiasts and based on historical documentation to show as realistically as possible such battles as Waterloo or Arapiles.

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Patrician IV

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:22 +0000

Patrician IV puts the player in the role of a Northern European merchant in the late Middle Ages, living through the splendour of the Hanseatic League as it moves into the Modern Age. The main objective is to become the most prosperous merchant and leader of the trading league, and to this end, maintaining good diplomatic relations with the nobles of the various counties represented on the game map is of great importance.
The game starts by trading with common goods manufactured by the player himself and distributed using a small merchant fleet. From here the goal is to grow at a faster rate than other ports and historical families, using contrasting strategies such as price wars between supply and demand. All of this takes place while dealing with disease, famine and enemy sieges placed with a notable historical basis.

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Reigns

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:22 +0000

Reigns is a videogame marked by its accessibility to all audiences, inviting the player to occupy the throne of a medieval monarch in his transition to the Modern Age, making relevant decisions about certain events that take place in his territory. Through a simple but innovative mechanic, decisions are resolved by sliding left or right according to whether the player seeks to accept the game’s proposal, or whether they want to opt for a more personal way of imposing authority in the kingdom.
The system is based on continuous requests from advisors, villagers and even enemies, which must be answered in order to keep the family dynasty in control of the throne for several generations. The most relevant events present in the game are based on historical and social contexts that occurred in real life, and you can continue the story as we know it, or try to progress through time with more personal and far-fetched choices. The solutions to these unforeseen events can either improve the quality of life of the society or lead to a popular revolt if they do not agree, as it is ultimately the subjects who are in control.

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