Iglesia - History Lab

Bishop and Inquisitor against burials in churches, 1781

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:11 +0000

Felipe Bertrán, Inquisitor General and bishop of Salamanca, argues that the burial of the faithful in churches goes against the principles of the primitive Church and constitutes a source of unhealthiness. In the same way he says that the sacred space is meant for praying, hearing the Holy Mass and receiving the body and blood of the Saviour. He then makes a historical exhortation to the evolution of mortuary practice in churches. This response was offered to the Council of Castile in its 1781 consultation with the Spanish bishops on the question of burials in places of worship.

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Memorial of some points on the Council of Trent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000

Throughout the 16th century, the Hispanic Monarchy had a notable representation during the twenty-five sessions of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), being particularly led by Jesuits from 1551. Among the objectives of this ecumenical council, the interest in defining Catholic doctrine and condemning the heresy of the Reformation should be highlighted. The historical significance of the Council is due to the definition of the Catholic Church’s doctrine on Sacred Scripture, Tradition, the Sacraments and celibacy, the confirmation of papal authority, etc. In short, the Council determined the dogmatic, liturgical and ethical norms of the Catholic Church.

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What was decreed at the Council of Trent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000

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Bull of Pius IV on the Council of Trent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000

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Manual calendar and guide for strangers in Madrid

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

An annual publication founded in 1722 by Luis Félix de Miraval y Spínola, who in the same year obtained the marquisate of Miraval, and Gaspar Ezpeleta, and which until 1734 was entitled Kalendario particular. From 1725 its printer was Juan Sanz, then his heirs, and from 1730, Antonio Sanz, his nephew, who in 1769 ceded the rights to the Spanish Crown in exchange for a lifelong pension. The most complete collection was acquired by the Royal Academy of History, and the one in the possession of the National Library of Spain begins in 1744, stamped with a privilege held by Antonio Sanz, printer to the King and his council. The title page states that it contains the births of the kings, queens, the seventy members of the Sacred College of Cardinals, the princes of Europe, the ministers who make up His Majesty’s courts in their kingdoms, with an indication of their private residences in Madrid. In short, it is a very complete guide to the State Administration of the ancien régime, with an indication of its executive and consultative bodies (royal councils, boards), scientific and academic institutions and other bodies and entities that the Spanish monarchy created throughout the eighteenth century (including the Royal Public Library itself), the book includes the names of the archbishops and bishops of Spain and the Indies, the composition of the courts (chancillerías and audiencias), the list of kingdoms and provinces and partidos, with the names of their governors, intendants and corregidores. It begins with the Gregorian calendar, with the saints’ calendar for each day and astronomical data, and also contains the 40-hour jubilee, as well as statistical data on marriages, births and deaths in the parishes of Madrid, and a summary of the sick in their hospitals. There is also another section on the days on which the court dresses up or the days on which the mails come and leave the General Post Office of Castile in this court, or the list of the Knights of the Golden Fleece. It will also include the values of Spanish coins and their exchange values with the most important coins in Europe. From 1768 it will be accompanied by the Estado militar de España, with its own title page, with the names of the captains and lieutenant generals of His Majesty’s Army, field marshals, brigadiers and naval officers, etc. In the 1767 edition he began to include engravings, such as those of Charles III, the Princes of Asturias and the one of the Palace of Aranjuez, and later those of Charles IV and Queen Maria Luisa, before including those of Ferdinand VII and his daughter, the young Queen Isabella II, in the 19th century. He would also print a dozen maps of Spain and plans by Tomás López and his sons. In 1774, it left the Royal Printing House of the Gazette, and included the lists of knights of Charles III, professors of the Royal Studies, ambassadors and consuls and vice-consuls of the King abroad, the chronology of the kings of Spain and the calendar of the main fairs. In 1790 it already included an index, at the end or at the beginning, and in the 19th century, the lists of the Royal Order of Noble Ladies, the economic societies and the Royal Seminary of Nobles. Its volume increased over the years, from a hundred to over four hundred pages. During the invasion of the Napoleonic army, the kalendario did not appear in 1809 or 1810, and in 1811 it left the printing house of Miguel Segovia, printer to the Royal Navy, from the Royal Island of León in Cadiz, produced by two of the editors who were in charge of the main guides for foreigners, litigants, commerce and finance, and war and the navy in Madrid, and entitled Guía patriótica de España (Patriotic Guide to Spain). It includes an introduction narrating the difficulties encountered in producing it and will consist of two parts. The first part will give an account of the legitimate government, its courts and military state, and the second of the corps and officers of the armies resident in Cadiz, as well as the list of deputies of the Cortes, accompanied by an article. Those of 1812 and 1813 were entitled Guía política de las España, and were also printed in Cádiz, the first in the office of the widow of Comes, and the second in the Imprenta Nacional. In this case it is written by a single editor, and includes patriotic ephemeris of the main events that have been taking place during the war against the French armies, and introductory articles to the list of the legislative body, list of deputies and of the court and secretariat of State of Cortes, executive power, supreme council of Regency, Council of State, ambassadors and commanders of the armies. The 1813 edition will include an addendum entitled Exércitos nacionales. On the return of Ferdinand VII, it returned to its previous title and to practically the same contents as it had published during the old regime, until during the liberal triennium, when it again changed its title and some of its contents, once again including the list of deputies to the Cortes and the new administrative institutions that the incipient liberal State was beginning to create. In 1821 it was entitled Guía de forasteros en Madrid, and in 1822 and 1823 Guía política y militar, printed at the Imprenta Nacional, formerly the Imprenta Real. For its part, the Estado militar de España, which had been published together with the kalendario, in 1821, 1822 and 1823 was entitled Estado de los ejércitos de la monarquía española (State of the Armies of the Spanish Monarchy). The calendar for 1825 is also interesting because the “purified” did not appear in the lists. This publication would continue to be published until 1837, when it was replaced by the Guía de forasteros en Madrid, which included engravings of the queen governor Maria Cristina and her daughter, Isabel II, and gave an account of the new organisation that the liberal state was creating to replace that of the old regime, the kalendario is therefore a basic source of information for understanding both the evolution of the state structure and the holders of its numerous organs and institutions, from the absolutist and enlightened monarchy of the eighteenth century to the first decades of the construction of the liberal state, with its two most influential episodes, the constituent Cortes of Cadiz and its epigone of the triennium.

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Dossier on the evangelisation of the Thieves Islands or Mariana Islands

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

The post Dossier on the evangelisation of the Thieves Islands or Mariana Islands first appeared on History Lab.

Announcement relating to the edict of expulsion of the Moors from the kingdom of Aragon

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

The expulsion of nearly three hundred thousand Hispanic Moriscos, decided by Philip III on 4 April 1609, was the culmination of the process of eliminating religious minorities that began in our country with the expulsion of the Jews in 1492 and put an end to the more or less peaceful coexistence that had been taking place since the Middle Ages between Christians and Mudejars. The compulsory conversion of the Mudejars, after the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada (1492), now known as Moriscos, brought the conflict to a standstill for a few decades, during which there was equal parts distrust and support, hostility and rapprochement. The different solutions proposed for the assimilation of the Moriscos, ranging from evangelisation to inquisitorial repression, show that doctrinal controversies also involved a political process of repression motivated by the context of the Hispanic Monarchy’s ongoing conflicts with the Turks and Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean. The uprising of the Moors in Granada (1568-1570) marked the end of illusions about the possibility of mutual understanding. The general expulsion sanctioned the triumph of an exclusive Catholicism in Spain. The vicissitudes in which the expulsion took place and the social and economic consequences of forced emigration were suffered throughout the 17th century and are detailed in thousands of documents recorded in volumes and bundles in the Archive of the Crown of Aragon.

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Jesuit Luis Pimentel’s request for more religious

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

Within the framework of the evangelisation process in the Indies and other Spanish colonies, the Spanish monarchy developed an intense evangelisation process in the Mariana Islands and, by extension, in the Pacific territories under its dominion. In the case of the Philippines, this evangelisation was carried out intensively by Jesuits. In the same way, from the Philippines, the idea of trying to evangelise eastern territories, such as China, was postulated, as requested by Luis Pimentel, procurator general of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines.

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Provision of Charles III on the riots that occurred in the town of Madrid between 23rd and 26th March

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

The Esquilache riot was the most important social, economic and political revolt of the 18th century (1766). The shortage of basic foodstuffs, including bread, and the speculation of hoarders were two of the reasons that led the lower social classes to riot against the rulers. In the case of the Motín de Esquilache, the revolt ended with the march, via Cartagena, of the Marquis, who had to leave the peninsula in the face of the events and the demands of the lower social classes.

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Process of faith of the Moors

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:42 +0000

During his reign, Philip II (1556-1598) encountered serious social problems within his dominions. In particular, the case of the Moors, i.e. Mudejars who had accepted their conversion to Christianity in order to remain on Spanish soil, is particularly relevant. For decades, numerous processes of confirmation of conversion and faith took place in order to account for the correct religious behaviour of the converted families. The historical process, marked by events such as the Rebellion of the Alpujarras or the War of the Alpujarras, finally led to the expulsion of the Moors from the Hispanic Monarchy. This order, issued by Philip III, was carried out in stages between 1609 and 1613.

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