Iglesia Católica - History Lab

Memorial of some points on the Council of Trent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000

Throughout the 16th century, the Hispanic Monarchy had a notable representation during the twenty-five sessions of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), being particularly led by Jesuits from 1551. Among the objectives of this ecumenical council, the interest in defining Catholic doctrine and condemning the heresy of the Reformation should be highlighted. The historical significance of the Council is due to the definition of the Catholic Church’s doctrine on Sacred Scripture, Tradition, the Sacraments and celibacy, the confirmation of papal authority, etc. In short, the Council determined the dogmatic, liturgical and ethical norms of the Catholic Church.

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What was decreed at the Council of Trent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000

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Bull of Pius IV on the Council of Trent

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:58 +0000

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The parish as a central space of social life

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:18 +0000

Once the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula for Catholicism was over, new churches and parishes were founded, some where there was already a mosque, others in the central areas of the new population centres that arose. This process of parochialisation had the greatest impact on the configuration of the new Christian society. In the Modern Age, rural communities had the parish as their geographical and social centre, a space that reflected, on the one hand, the political and religious order and, on the other hand, the central point from which to orientate themselves: being in the world. The drawings shown are examples that the author of the resource proposes as forms of representation of the local community, that is, of the very conception of space in the form of churches. Gójar and Calicasas (Granada) were depicted in the Ensenada Cadastre (1753-1754) in the same way that Tomás López, as early as 1786-1789, received a sketch for his Relaciones Geográficas: a church surrounded by houses which, like satellites, mark the form of the structure of the space of the municipality or place. All this reflects the prevailing profound mentality of modernity, which imprinted its everyday values on society.

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Encomienda of women abducted or manifested by marriage in the Diocese of Zaragoza (1700-1810)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:56 +0000

At the beginning of modernity, and after the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the Church considered that Catholic marriages were based on the freedom of choice of the contracting parties. In effect, the marriage union was to be ratified by the man and the woman without coercion and under their own motivation. However, acceptance could be, and often was, conditioned by the family environment. The promulgation of the canon law of freedom of marriage was accompanied by legal remedies which, under ecclesiastical protection, made it possible for a woman engaged to a man to run away from home in order to marry against the wishes of her parents: this was “kidnapping”. This resource was used in Spain to extract the bride and groom safely. For this purpose, while waiting for the union under the altar, the woman was taken to another place for the protection of her decision. The resource shows the encomiendas of women “abducted”, or manifested by word of marriage, in the Diocese of Saragossa between 1700 and 1810. The main place to which they turned was to households of equal honour and social status to the abductee’s natural family (61% of cases); followed by the protection of local authorities (26%), religious institutions or the home of “honourable widows” (3% in both cases), or other relatives (3%). what did the parents do about the abduction? Of the 233 cases analysed, 3% were resolved by forced return to the parental home, 2% by infra-judicial arrangements and a remarkable 95% by marriage consolidation of the abducted maiden.

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Evolution of the economic organisation of the Chapter of Barcelona in the 17th century

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:41 +0000

During the Modern Age, the Catholic Church was one of the main owners of movable and immovable property in Spain. This resource deals with the economy of ecclesiastical institutions through the Cathedral Chapter of Barcelona. Its economic administration was divided into nine bodies, each with its own legal personality and its own sources of funding. The bodies were: the Caritat, dedicated to the control and payment of the canons; the Pia Almoina, oriented towards charity through two subsections, the Administració General and Majordomia; the Beneficis Units, which helped the financial endowment of the canons; the Sacristy and the Obra de la Seo, whose functions were the sacramental administration (the former) and the maintenance of the building (the latter). The income derived from the performance of funerals corresponded to the Manna, and the distribution of bread rations among the staff was the task of the Passtrim. For its part, the chapter did not collect the rents directly; rather, it leased them as a way of obtaining economic benefit or in kind, and each administration was responsible for negotiating its leases. Throughout the 17th century, a process of administrative centralisation took place and progress was made in the professionalisation of management, with a more efficient system which, together with the system of leases, further reduced the organisational infrastructure. The centripetal ecclesiastical economy, with the conception of “dead hands” land ownership, clashed with the new forms of private property that appeared in the transformation from the Ancien Régime to the bourgeois state, and the lands were subject to subsequent confiscations.

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Evolution of consanguineous marriages over the total in Asturias between 1701 and 1900

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:36 +0000

As can be seen in the graph, the author compiles the sacramental marriage certificates to establish the number of marriages by blood that took place in Asturias through the study of the degrees of filiation of the spouses. The graph shows how this type of marriage increases during the 18th century, decreases at the beginning of the 19th century and increases again from 1871 onwards, reaching its maximum at the end of the century. The growth trend of consanguineous marriages is similar in other parts of Spain and Catholic Europe.

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Evolution of consanguineous marriages according to the degree of kinship in Asturias (1701-1900)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:36 +0000

Consanguineous marriages have different degrees according to their kinship. At the beginning of the 18th century, marriages between more distant degrees were the most common within this filiation; however, the historical evolution in Asturias shows how at the end of the 19th century there was a rapprochement between marriages of higher and lower degrees of kinship. Although the number of marriages between blood relations decreased, the number of marriages of higher kinship, 1st and 2nd, increased.

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Typology of offences committed by the clergy of the diocese of Barcelona (1570-1650)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The diocese of Barcelona was the second most important and oldest ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona during the modern period. The bishops of Barcelona, like their counterparts in other parts of the monarchy, were important agents of cohesion and loyalty to the Crown. The good harmony between the throne and the altar fostered social order, an order in which litigation and crime were not exempt. Analysing the latter, we place ourselves in the period of the Counter-Reformation, after the Council of Trent (1545-1563). The author specifies 873 diocesan processes between 1570 and 1650, of which 106 belonged to the clergy of the diocese of Barcelona. The majority of the offences were for physical aggression (21.69%), followed by adultery (15.09%), carrying weapons (14.15%) and verbal aggression (8.49%). The typological distribution of offences may be related to the structural nature of violence in the Principality of Catalonia in the early modern period. The clergy, no stranger to these dynamics, trained and sometimes collaborated with bandits. This led to the appearance of crimes of assault, rape, fraud and robbery. Also, within the clergy themselves, they had disputes over issues related to parish benefices or the non-return of ornaments and sacred vestments left on loan. Despite the provisions promulgated at Trent, the parish clergy were more immersed in local than doctrinal issues.

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Conquest and plunder

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:11 +0000

The documentary series The History of the World, “History as adventure, as drama, as destiny”, produced by the British channel BBC, shows with great realism some of the key events in world history, such as the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America, the atomic bomb or the death of Julius Caesar. Special attention has been paid to details such as clothing, city settings, etc. Specifically, chapter 5 deals with the conquest of the New World. Without doubt, the contact between the Spanish colonists and the natives of America and the repercussions of the gold plundering are depicted. Thus was born the extensive network of sea routes by which the English and Dutch controlled the world’s maritime trade in spices, furs and luxury goods such as tulips. Meanwhile, Europe was in the midst of terrible religious conflicts after the Protestant Reformation.

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