Iglesia - History Lab

Decree urging the authorities of the kingdom to collaborate in the evangelisation of the Moors

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:54:53 +0000

Within the framework of Philip II’s domestic policy, serious problems arose due to the Moorish uprising. This led to the need to develop evangelisation campaigns in the interior of the kingdom, which required greater collaboration from ecclesiastical agents.

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Nov Rec. Lib. I Tit. XVII Act XII

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:40 +0000

The royal patronage was the way the monarchs chose the ecclesiastical personnel. The division between the temporal and spiritual concepts is fundamental to understanding the procedure of royal patronage. The kings would try to assert the temporal sphere, which was theirs, as opposed to the spiritual, which belonged to the pope. The tendency to reaffirm royal patronage was promoted by the Catholic Monarchs, continued by the Habsburgs and strengthened with the arrival of the Bourbons. Through royal patronage, the monarch proposed ecclesiastical personnel to the pope, but it was the pope who had to give his approval (normally the pope agreed to the king’s proposals). Thanks to the royal patronage, the monarchs were able to articulate personnel attached to the state, often making these religious almost functionaries of the king, something which obviously generated suspicion in the ranks of the ecclesiastics who saw it as intrusiveness.

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Ash Wednesday sermon, number 51

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

The use of the word for preaching is an evangelical mandate that has been used throughout history to spread the message of Christianity. The importance of the word given to the Catholic side is of great importance, especially after the clergy had to adapt the biblical messages so that they could be understood by the population. From the beginning, the believer had been distanced from the book, and the only vehicle for the transmission of the message was the clergy. This led to the inclusion in the sermon of other types of motivations that structured the discourse and which did not always have to do with religious texts in the strict sense. On occasions, the adaptation of the text to the discourse was the platform for the clergyman in question to launch political or social slogans that were part of his interests. Religious like Gregorio Mayans or Felipe Bertrán tried to carry out reforms to improve the instruction of the clergy and, at the same time, to try to correct the behaviour of the faithful, who on many occasions disregarded the religious message to turn the meeting into a social event.

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Practical doctrines that he used to explain in his missions

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:29 +0000

The conquest of the Indies was a process that was accompanied by the evangelisation of the new human groups that inhabited them. This evangelising enterprise was assigned to the church which, under its different religious orders, implemented models of evangelisation according to the peoples for whom they were intended. This was a process in which there were both permanence and change, because elements of the ancient religions of the New World also had to be incorporated. In this case, Pedro de Calatayud formulated the principles of Catholic womanhood to which Guaraní women had to adhere. This is a reconfiguration of the conquered society and its adaptation to the conquistador. The new social models were contradictory to the native ones. For example, the nuclear family was imposed instead of the extended family, so that households had to include only parents and children. Likewise, attempts were made to eradicate practices such as excessive alcohol consumption, polygamy and free liaisons. In short, the prototype of the Catholic family was imposed, whose bond of union was only contemplated under canonical marriage. This often led to a clash between the two worldviews of women. In general, women’s participation in Guaraní society was more active and involved many more places than the Catholic prototype, which required them to stay at home and focus on pleasing their husbands and fulfilling their duties as housewives. It is striking that the vices that are criticised seem to come from the peninsular context, where women’s idleness was frowned upon and criticised in almost all the educational plans of the time.

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First sheet of the register of inhabitants of the parish of Santiago de Toledo in 1769.

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:16 +0000

Since the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the local churches had been keeping a register of the sacraments (baptism, marriage and burial), as well as a control of parishioners’ registration in each parish: the Libros de Matrícula (Registration Books). In the absence of reliable registers in the pre-census period, the Libros de Matrícula, mainly at the beginning of the modern period, provided the most exhaustive control of the population. In them, with variable information, the head of the family, the members of the household, their age and even the specific address of the house could appear. With the passage of time, the civil authority would deepen the systems of human control in order to establish greater fiscal supervision to increase the Treasury, and new ways of counting the population were established: the systematic censuses and censuses of the 19th century.

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