Inglaterra - History Lab https://historylab.es Fri, 20 May 2022 14:55:53 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.4 https://historylab.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/cropped-icono-historylab-32x32.jpg Inglaterra - History Lab https://historylab.es 32 32 List of the tercios and regiments of infantry and cavalry that make up the army in the states of Flanders https://historylab.es/list-of-the-tercios-and-regiments-of-infantry-and-cavalry-that-make-up-the-army-in-the-states-of-flanders/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=list-of-the-tercios-and-regiments-of-infantry-and-cavalry-that-make-up-the-army-in-the-states-of-flanders Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/listado-de-los-tercios-y-regimientos-de-infanteria-y-caballeria-que-componen-el-ejercito-en-los-estados-de-flandes/ List of the Spanish, Italian, Irish, Irish, Scottish, English, Burgundian, Walloon and German tercios and regiments of infantry and cavalry, which make up the army in the states of [Flanders (Belgium)], with an expression of those which have been reformed.

The post List of the tercios and regiments of infantry and cavalry that make up the army in the states of Flanders first appeared on History Lab.

]]> The Army of Flanders is considered to be the army that the Spanish Monarchy established to defend the territories of the Spanish Netherlands from 1516 until the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. After the signing of this Treaty, in addition to putting an end to the War of Succession, the Monarchy lost control of its dominions in Flanders.

The post List of the tercios and regiments of infantry and cavalry that make up the army in the states of Flanders first appeared on History Lab.

]]> List of those killed and wounded on the Bahama in the Battle of Trafalgar https://historylab.es/list-of-those-killed-and-wounded-on-the-bahama-in-the-battle-of-trafalgar/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=list-of-those-killed-and-wounded-on-the-bahama-in-the-battle-of-trafalgar Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/lista-de-los-muertos-y-heridos-en-el-navio-bahama-en-el-combate-de-trafalgar/ List of the dead and wounded on the ship Bahama, of which Don Tomás de Ramery was second-in-command, in the battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805

The post List of those killed and wounded on the Bahama in the Battle of Trafalgar first appeared on History Lab.

]]> After Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, the Spanish court proved to be a weak extension of French policy. Charles IV’s latent weakness encouraged the French cause around the invasion of Portugal in 1801. A year later, France and England signed the Peace of Amiens, but their confrontation was soon to resume, and Spain became involved in this confrontation. The direct consequence of this situation was the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), where the Spanish fleet was destroyed by Admiral Nelson’s squadron. This defeat led to a further weakening of control of the overseas territories, which resulted in considerable economic collapse.

The post List of those killed and wounded on the Bahama in the Battle of Trafalgar first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Wine imports through the port of London, 1600-1696 (in tonnes) https://historylab.es/wine-imports-through-the-port-of-london-1600-1696-in-tonnes/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=wine-imports-through-the-port-of-london-1600-1696-in-tonnes Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/importaciones-de-vino-por-el-puerto-de-londres-1600-1696-en-toneladas/ Fluctuation of wine imports through the port of London during the 17th century

The post Wine imports through the port of London, 1600-1696 (in tonnes) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the prohibition on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. The port of London, at the end of the 17th century, centralised most of the country’s commercial activity, and between 1672-1681 this enclave alone collected 542,100 pounds sterling out of the 760,000 pounds sterling obtained from the rest of the British ports: between 75-90% of the legal wine imports at the end of the century were made in the Thames. Starting from figures of around 5,000 tons per year and after reaching the highest figures of the century at the end of the 1630s (30,420 tons in 1638), there was a decline which did not mean a return to the starting figures. The change occurred around 1640, reflecting a situation of internal instability in the country, taking into account the increase in taxation on wine that led to the prohibition of French wine imports during the confrontation with Louis XIV.

The post Wine imports through the port of London, 1600-1696 (in tonnes) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Imports of wine through the port of London by provenance, 1675-1696 (tonnes) https://historylab.es/imports-of-wine-through-the-port-of-london-by-provenance-1675-1696-tonnes/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=imports-of-wine-through-the-port-of-london-by-provenance-1675-1696-tonnes Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/importaciones-de-vino-por-el-puerto-de-londres-segun-procedencia-1675-1696-en-toneladas/ Wine imports via the port of London from Spain, France, Italy or the Rhineland

The post Imports of wine through the port of London by provenance, 1675-1696 (tonnes) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the prohibition on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. The port of London, at the end of the 17th century, centralised most of the country’s commercial activity, and between 1672-1681, it alone collected 542,100 pounds sterling out of the 760,000 pounds sterling obtained from the rest of the British ports: between 75-90% of the legal wine imports at the end of the century were made in the Thames. The confrontation between France and England (1679-1685 and 1689-1696), together with the prohibitions on importing French wine, was a decisive factor since, in the mid-1670s, two thirds of the wine arriving in London came from France. Therefore, this situation meant an opening and a benefit for Portuguese and Spanish wines. At the end of the Third Anglo-Dutch War and the Franco-Dutch War, at the end of the 1670s and the beginning of the 1680s, Rhenish wines were the only ones whose natural outlet was through Dutch ports, and they were of some importance.

The post Imports of wine through the port of London by provenance, 1675-1696 (tonnes) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Percentage of unmarried women in England (1536-1741) https://historylab.es/percentage-of-unmarried-women-in-england-1536-1741/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=percentage-of-unmarried-women-in-england-1536-1741 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:31 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/porcentaje-de-mujeres-solteras-en-inglaterra-1536-1741/ Single women in England according to the stereotypes of the spinning wheel

The post Percentage of unmarried women in England (1536-1741) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> The evolution of unmarried women in England is explained by the trades they performed. In the English case, the spinner’s trade was associated with female spinsterhood, which reached its peak during the 17th century. Thus, in a context where the formation of marriage was seen as the goal of any woman, the work of the spinner, associated with spinsterhood, began to have negative considerations, thus creating a stereotype of the woman who carried out this activity.

The post Percentage of unmarried women in England (1536-1741) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Population distribution in Europe (1500-1750) https://historylab.es/population-distribution-in-europe-1500-1750/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=population-distribution-in-europe-1500-1750 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:13 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/distribucion-de-la-poblacion-en-europa-1500-1750/ Table showing the evolution of urban, rural non-agricultural and agricultural population in the most important countries and communities of modern Europe

The post Population distribution in Europe (1500-1750) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> During the European Modern Age, the distribution of population among the different countries of the continent diverged according to their size, population characteristics, demography and socio-economic system. In general terms, the urban world grew quantitatively between 1500 and 1750 in most Western countries, although with varying intensity. England was the most developed in this respect; a development, however, that was already present in some Mediterranean countries, such as Spain and Italy, and others in the north, such as Belgium and the Netherlands. Despite urban growth, the great evolution that the author identifies in relation to population is the exponential development of the non-agricultural rural world. In fact, if in 1500 there were 152 rural nuclei of this type, in 1750 they rose to 236, in contrast to the decrease in the agricultural sphere, from 612 in 1500 to 505 in the middle of the 18th century. The transformation of the rural world was, once again, uneven across the continent. While England, Germany, France, Austria/Hungary and Poland were the communities that most experienced this process, Italy and Spain experienced it with less incidence. In short, the distribution of population in modern Europe meant that the countries where the agricultural revolution developed the earliest grew at the quantitative levels that were already present in the Mediterranean areas.

The post Population distribution in Europe (1500-1750) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Origin of Spanish wine landed in London, 1664-1697 (in tonnes and %) https://historylab.es/origin-of-spanish-wine-landed-in-london-1664-1697-in-tonnes-and/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=origin-of-spanish-wine-landed-in-london-1664-1697-in-tonnes-and Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/procedencia-de-vino-espanol-desembarcado-en-londres-1664-1697-en-toneladas-y/ Origin of Spanish wines arriving at the port of London

The post Origin of Spanish wine landed in London, 1664-1697 (in tonnes and %) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the ban on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. When asked about the origin of the Spanish wines that landed in London in the second half of the 17th century, Canary Island wine accounted for 56.27% of all Spanish wine registered in the port of London. The fall in malvasia imports in 1666 was the main explanation for the drop in Spanish wine imports in 1664 to 2,016. The decline was due to the confrontation that took place between local producers and the English merchants who controlled both the origin and destination of wine exports from the archipelago. This confrontation led to the episode known as the wine spill on 2-3 July 1666. In response, the British government banned the import of Canary Island wine on 12 November of that year, until it was restored the following year. Although Malaga appears as the second most important area with 17.31% of the total amount of wine arriving in London between 1664-1697, what is relevant in the case of Malaga is the decline in wine exports to England, both in relative and absolute terms in the last third of the 16th century: the 3,300 tons of wine that arrived in London from Malaga in 1664 were reduced to 460 tons between 1694-1697. Cadiz, however, has figures that are difficult to interpret due to the strong fluctuations it shows: compared to an annual average of 445 tons in 1666-1668, in 1694-97 it reached quantities close to 1,000 tons.

The post Origin of Spanish wine landed in London, 1664-1697 (in tonnes and %) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Regional origin of Spanish wines arriving in London (%) https://historylab.es/regional-origin-of-spanish-wines-arriving-in-london/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=regional-origin-of-spanish-wines-arriving-in-london Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/procedencia-regional-de-los-vinos-espanoles-llegados-a-londres/ Percentage origin of wines arriving in London from Spain

The post Regional origin of Spanish wines arriving in London (%) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the prohibition on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. The port of London, at the end of the 17th century, centralised most of the country’s commercial activity, and between 1672-1681 this enclave alone collected 542,100 pounds sterling out of the 760,000 pounds sterling obtained from the other British ports: between 75-90% of the legal imports of wine at the end of the century were made in the Thames. The provenance of the wines is not a trivial issue as it highlights the competitive nature of the market at the turn of the century. Once French wines were vetoed by the British market, Spanish or Portuguese wines were chosen. Over the course of the last decade of the 17th century and the first three decades of the 18th century, wine from the Canary Islands predominated among the wines of Spain, reducing its presence in Britain as the years went by.

The post Regional origin of Spanish wines arriving in London (%) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Britain’s trade with its West Indian colonies and Latin America (in thousands of pounds) in the 18th century https://historylab.es/britains-trade-with-its-west-indian-colonies-and-latin-america-in-thousands-of-pounds-in-the-18th-century/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=britains-trade-with-its-west-indian-colonies-and-latin-america-in-thousands-of-pounds-in-the-18th-century Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/comercio-de-gran-bretana-con-sus-colonias-antillanas-y-america-latina-en-miles-de-libras-durante-el-siglo-xviii/ Import and export ratios between British trade and its colonies in the 18th century

The post Britain’s trade with its West Indian colonies and Latin America (in thousands of pounds) in the 18th century first appeared on History Lab.

]]> In the project of reconstructing Spanish foreign trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, one of the avenues to be explored is that provided by the foreign trade series of those countries linked to Spain. In this sense, Spanish-British trade leads to the study of centre-periphery relations in Europe, before, during and after the British Industrial Revolution. During the 18th century, British trade with Spanish America was considered illegal by the Spanish authorities despite the fact that it was carried out through Spain (from 1717-1778) exclusively via Cadiz or previously via Seville or from the British West Indies and Brazil. Between 1713 and 1739, illegal trade also took place under the cover of the asiento de negros, as well as commercial contacts via the South Sea Company’s ship of leave. The search for markets outside Europe led Britain to turn its attention to Latin America, as features of Anglo-Spanish-American trade existed prior to the formal break between the Spanish colonies and the Spanish mainland. However, several reasons have been put forward that could explain the process of British substitution of trade with Latin America through Spain by direct traffic: the protectionist policy of Charles III may have had a dissuasive effect on British traders; the high opportunity cost represented in England at the end of the 18th century by the immobilisation of capital; the reduction in the cost of maritime transport from Britain to the West Indies or the establishment of free ports in 1766, whose purpose was to legitimise and promote trade between the British West Indies and the colonies of other countries, especially those of Spain. Until the beginning of direct traffic between the British Isles and Latin America in the early years of the 19th century, British exports to its West Indies colonies increased fivefold in twenty years, while imports tripled. Data for Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica and the Bahamas between 1788-1795 show an annual average of 486 ships carrying 16,252 long tons for imports from the Spanish colonies and 481 ships carrying 14,339 tons for exports.

The post Britain’s trade with its West Indian colonies and Latin America (in thousands of pounds) in the 18th century first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Contemporary estimates of re-exports of British goods to Spanish America via Spain during the 18th century (in thousands of pounds) https://historylab.es/contemporary-estimates-of-re-exports-of-british-goods-to-spanish-america-via-spain-during-the-18th-century-in-thousands-of-pounds/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=contemporary-estimates-of-re-exports-of-british-goods-to-spanish-america-via-spain-during-the-18th-century-in-thousands-of-pounds Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/estimaciones-contemporaneas-de-las-reexportaciones-de-productos-britanicos-a-hispanoamerica-a-traves-de-espana-durante-el-siglo-xviii-en-miles-de-libra/ Re-export of foreign goods during the 18th century between Spain and England

The post Contemporary estimates of re-exports of British goods to Spanish America via Spain during the 18th century (in thousands of pounds) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> In the project of reconstructing Spanish foreign trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, one of the avenues to be explored is that provided by the foreign trade series of those countries linked to Spain. In this sense, Spanish-British trade leads to the study of centre-periphery relations in Europe, before, during and after the English Industrial Revolution. From the point of view of this study, the transit trade of products from the Spanish colonies destined for Britain, or of British products for the Spanish-American markets, is of interest only insofar as it affects the balance of services, as profits obtained by Spaniards when transporting and trading these goods. In the case of exports to Britain, exports of national goods must be distinguished from re-exports of colonial products, as they were different goods. The available information disaggregated by product covers about 90% of the total value exported and, in order to obtain total figures for exports and re-exports. For imports, the situation is more complex, since re-exports are goods of the same type as those retained for domestic consumption. However, no contemporary estimate has been found for the late 18th century. An estimate for that period would allow us to test the hypothesis of a shift in British trade with Spanish America via the Peninsula during most of the seventeenth century. Spanish trade statistics for 1792 allow us to estimate the re-exports of foreign products to the American colonies.

The post Contemporary estimates of re-exports of British goods to Spanish America via Spain during the 18th century (in thousands of pounds) first appeared on History Lab.

]]>