jesuítas - History Lab

Fragment of the Royal Decree promulgated in 1769 on the properties of the Jesuits

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:46 +0000

When the Jesuits were expelled, all the property that the company had acquired over the centuries was located to be sold. In order to supervise the registration of properties, a regulation was made in the ceudula published in 1769, by which a municipal board was formed, which would be supervised by another Provincial board (Armando Alberola Roma). The reason for the formation of this second junta was to prevent the first one from carrying out occult activities in collusion with the Jesuits. Studies revealed that the Jesuits had properties in both rural and urban areas. Regarding the former, they had extensions of land with emphyteutic contracts. In the urban environment they usually had houses as well as other less frequent buildings such as warehouses. These properties could be sold and on many occasions, the money obtained was used to maintain the pensions of the exiled Jesuits. However, another spectrum of properties could not be sold because they were acquired for cult purposes.

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Rules and Exercises ofthe Congregation of Students, under the protection of the Virgin Mary in herMary in her Annunciation, founded with Apostolic authority in the College of the Company ofCollege of the Society of Jesus in Barcelona in the year 1577

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:40 +0000

The success of the Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola soon covered the field of education as an expression of the reforming spirit of the order. Between the last third of the 16th century and shortly before it was dissolved, the order had taken over secondary education and a large part of university education, especially in the fields of philosophy and grammar. The education received in the Marian Congregations was so important that the degrees obtained were recognised in the universities. In the formative process, however, the religious and moral facets were emphasised, and these took precedence over the academic education itself. It was precisely this spirit that was criticised by the Enlightenment, who pointed out that the aspects relating not to the faith itself, but to those of the order itself, took precedence over the academic aspects.

The post Rules and Exercises ofthe Congregation of Students, under the protection of the Virgin Mary in herMary in her Annunciation, founded with Apostolic authority in the College of the Company ofCollege of the Society of Jesus in Barcelona in the year 1577 first appeared on History Lab.

Diary of the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:40 +0000

The expulsion from Spain and the loss of their income was not the only misfortune the Jesuits had to face. The political upheavals in Spain led to the appointment of Joseph Bonaparte as the new king after the Napoleonic invasion. The new document of Bayonne (Charter of Bayonne) was intended to be endorsed not only by the one hundred Spanish representatives who went to the city of Bayonne, but it was intended that everyone who received money from the public purse should support the new king’s accession to the throne, under threat that their income would be suspended if they did not do so. Spanish Jesuits who had been exiled in Italy were also called upon to endorse the document. Some accepted, but others refused on the grounds that the new monarch was a usurper, and since then faced no small amount of trouble. Those who refused to sign the document were arrested, imprisoned and relocated to convents under guard. With this, the normality that the Jesuits had managed to achieve in their new destinations was again undermined, and as Inmaculada Fernñandez de Arrillaga points out, they carried out different jobs such as confessors, teachers, etc. Such was the case of Father Manuel Luengo arrested in Rome.

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Letter of the Venerable Servant of God Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza to the Supreme Pontiff Innocent X

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:40 +0000

To defend the expulsion of the Jesuits, in addition to the traditional accusations, others related to the relaxation of their obligations in the conversion of the human groups where they were stationed were adduced. In this case, Palafox criticises the absence of Jesuit martyrs in their evangelising work in China. The fact that they did not suffer persecution and martyrdom was proof that they were not fulfilling the profile of the great evangelisers, who, in the face of the incomprehension and hostility of their hearers, had been glorified with martyrdom in the manner of Jesus. Behind this type of accusation, other accusations were included in the argument against Jesuit work, in this case the relaxation of evangelising obligations. According to these accusations, the Jesuits had allowed an atmosphere of heresy in which the Chinese continued to make their sacrifices with the approval of the order, and even syncretisms appeared in which the Christian God and Belial were worshipped.

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Rules and devotions of the Congregations founded in the houses and colleges of the Society of Jesus under the protection of the the Virgin Mary Our Lady

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

The reformation of the Catholic Church in the context of the Protestant emergence led to the new religious orders taking action in all possible aspects of society. The aim was to moralise and transmit the religious message in all areas of life. The Congregation of the Nativity of Our Lady was an example created by the Jesuit Marian congregations during the modern age. In this case, it had a field of action in prisons, where they were to transmit a message of penance and mercy to the prisoners. At the same time, they were used to instruct them in religion and to get them to attend mass and perform the religious rites on a daily basis. The welfare and charitable work involved granting these prisoners visits in which interest was shown in their state of health (physical and spiritual). At the same time, if circumstances allowed, they would pay the amount to release them, as many of these prisoners had ended up there because of debts.

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Letter from Roda to Grimaldi

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

After the expulsion from their respective countries and the refusal to let them enter Rome, the Jesuits were trapped in intermediate lands such as Corsica. There they awaited their future, hoping to be able to return to their lands of origin. The Spanish monarchy made proposals aimed at breaking up Jesuit unity, for which secularisation of its members was a solution to put an end to the threat of the old order. The king’s commissioners were sent to try to negotiate the abandonment of the habits in exchange for the religious being allowed to return to Spain. For many Jesuits, secularisation was the only way out of the uncertain future they had been facing, since apart from returning to their homeland, they were guaranteed an income to support themselves. In this case, the king would pay them from the property that had been confiscated after their expulsion. However, as the text states, not everyone agreed to give in, and those who agreed to secularisation were accused of being weak in spirit. Roda was against the return of the Jesuits because he continued to see them as dangerous members, highlighting in this fragment the traditional accusations against them, including fanaticism, for which a French king lost his life in the 16th century (Henry IV).

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Agustín Sánchez Cabello to Grimaldi

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:29 +0000

In the 16th century, the prestigious Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola was an authentic regenerative movement of the Christian religion in the Catholic sphere. Over time, the order acquired enormous political and economic clout. The Jesuits spread their networks throughout almost the entire planet, so that when the monarchies experienced a process of strengthening, they would view this religious institution with suspicion. That moment would come in the second half of the 18th century, when the Catholic monarchies advocated royalism, which was the recovery and strengthening of royal powers. To justify their expulsion, the Jesuits were accused of multiple crimes, including tyrannicide. Indeed, the Jesuits defended tyrannicide when the sovereign did not fulfil his obligations, the most representative case being that of Father Mariana, who defended these postulates as early as the 17th century. In reality, the monarchies did not want to continue to rely on such a powerful institution that still owed its loyalty to the pope, so they were expelled from almost all of Catholic Europe. In Portugal they were expelled in 1759, in France in 1762 and in Spain in 1767.

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Vicente Olcina, fabulist, Luis Olcina, missionary

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:29 +0000

These words, recorded by the Jesuit Vicente Olcina as he was transported on one of those interminable journeys into exile, sum up perfectly the situation of the Jesuits after they were banished. The human drama that the expulsion of the Jesuits entailed even extended to the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru, where the Creoles of this order were forced to abandon the Indies. In Europe, displacements were continuous as they were expelled from all Catholic territories. The situation reached such a point that even in Rome they were no longer welcome. Especially after the arrival of Pope Clement XIV, who belonged to the Franciscans, a rival branch. These misfortunes were compounded by the ruin and poverty of most Jesuits, who were deprived of any income to support themselves. In the end, they found refuge in the Austrian Empire, which was the only Catholic territory that did not persecute them. They also settled in the Russian Empire, which, despite its orthodox affiliation, allowed them to reorganise.

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Licence to print and publish two works by Miguel Pérez Campos, 1789

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:16 +0000

Miguel Pérez Campos, a former Jesuit, received royal permission to print and publish his work as long as they were not dedicated in honour of Floridablanca so that “the merit of them would be given to him in what was just”. The works are “Gramatica nuova ad uso de’ fanciulli che attendono allo studio della lingua latina in tre libri divisa e ordinata nell’ idioma italiano dall’ abate D. Michele Perez secondo l’antico, e comune Sistema del famoso potoghese P. Emanuele Alvarez” and “Michaëlis Perézii Lobetani de arte Rhetorica libri VI: ex Aristotele, Cicerone, et Quinctiliano praecipuè deprompti, ac tyronum puerorum usui maximé accomodati”. The reply, in the form of a missive, was dated 21 March 1789.

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