Lisboa - History Lab

Plan of the city of Lisbon, again detailed from the ruins it suffered in the earthquake of November 1, 1755

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:42 +0000

In order to date the manuscript, we have taken into account the date of the plan showing the new layout proposed for the reconstruction of the city, which is superimposed on the old, pre-earthquake layout. The Biblioteca Nacional has a facsimile of this plan. Manuscript on paper drawn in black ink and washed in colour, in sienna the area rebuilt after the earthquake, in crimson the remains of the previous city and in blue the bank next to the Tagus River

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Annual movement of ships between the United States and Spain, 1780-1800

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The 1790s provided the newly created republic of the United States with a commercial impetus during the early years of the 19th century that would contribute to the development of the new nation. Independence brought an end to the policies of exclusivity and the opening of colonial ports, particularly Spanish and French ones. Contrary to what might have been thought, trade between the Thirteen Colonies and ports on the Iberian Peninsula did not come to a standstill; ports such as Philadelphia intensified their traffic with Cadiz and Lisbon. Navigation, especially to Cadiz and through the Strait of Gibraltar, was not without risk. Since Independence, the US government tried to neutralise the activity of Barbary corsairs against its commerce by disbursing money. In this regard, American captains interested in the trade arrived in Iberian ports. Between 1780-1800, 765 ships left US ports for the Iberian Peninsula and another 1,312 touched a Portuguese or Spanish port before sailing back across the Atlantic. The close-up reveals a considerable difference between the number of ships that left (514) and those that returned (616), a circumstance that could be due to nature itself. This table reveals that the annual movement of traffic was within the growth parameters that characterised American shipping in the late 1800s. However, not all American ports had the same relevance in traffic with Spain, as specialisation in the export of certain goods conditioned the traffic pattern. Spanish demand was centred on cereals, flour, fish and wood, therefore, the ports of Philadelphia and Salem were those which concentrated the greatest number of departures, 49.5% and 39% respectively. In the case of inbound traffic, the situation changes, with 62% of the ships going to the port of Philadelphia and only 17% returning to Marblehead. The distribution of traffic was fairly homogeneous: between 1780-1800 the majority of American ships went to Cadiz and Bilbao (49.7%), although with substantial differences in terms of the origin of the vessels.

The post Annual movement of ships between the United States and Spain, 1780-1800 first appeared on History Lab.

Departures of ships from US ports to various Spanish ports, 1780-1800

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The 1790s provided the newly created republic of the United States with a commercial impetus during the early years of the 19th century that would contribute to the development of the new nation. Independence brought an end to the policies of exclusivity and the opening of colonial ports, particularly Spanish and French ones. Contrary to what might be thought, trade between the Thirteen Colonies and the ports of the Iberian Peninsula did not come to a standstill; ports such as Philadelphia intensified their traffic with Cadiz and Lisbon. Navigations, especially to Cadiz and through the Strait of Gibraltar, were not without risk. The concentration of maritime traffic in the ports of Philadelphia, Salem and Marblehead is reflected in this table, both for vessels leaving and arriving from US ports. The discrepancies between the number of departures and arrivals betray the inclination of American capitals to visit different ports on their voyages, so that ships leaving Salem for any Spanish port returned from other European ports. The distribution of traffic was fairly homogeneous: between 17880-1800 the majority of American ships went to Cadiz and Bilbao (49.7%), although with substantial differences in the origin of vessels. To Cadiz they came mainly from Philadelphia and to a lesser extent from New England, while Bilbao was more frequently visited by ships from the latter area. Tenerife especially received American ships arriving from Philadelphia, and La Coruña received those coming from New England. The commercial links between specific areas are undoubtedly determined by the demand and supply of goods. Cadiz’s relationship with Philadelphia and, probably with Baltimore and Charleston, stems from the need to supply cereals and flour, both for the surrounding area and for subsequent distribution. In Tenerife, the commercial activity of the American ships that transported the flour to the island, part of the merchandise was re-exported to Cuba. However, the table shows 50 ships that did not declare a specific port of destination, stating only their intention to travel to Spain. Most of these left Philadelphia in 1790 (38 of them). Another fact to bear in mind is the lack of interest on the part of American captains in voyages to Spanish Mediterranean ports, which may have generated some dissatisfaction on the part of the American government when, from 1786 onwards, it took a stand for control of the Moroccan corsairs.

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Assassin’s Creed: Rogue

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:29 +0000

The seventh video game in the main saga of the Assassin’s Creed series, bringing the Kengway saga to a close. In it, you control Shay Patrick Cormac, a former member of the fictional Assassin’s Order who joins a fictional Templar Order, an enemy of the first, during the Seven Years’ War. The gameplay retains the strong maritime component of the previous title, this time set in different parts of the North Atlantic, although other locations such as parts of New York, Paris and Lisbon appear. Despite the high degree of historical reinterpretation, it stands out for the richness of its setting and the interaction with the environment and the appearance of historical characters such as Lawrence Washington, George Monro and James Cook.

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