Madrid - History Lab

Papers relating to the Madrid revolutions of 1766

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

The Esquilache riot was the most important social, economic and political revolt of the 18th century (1766). The shortage of basic foodstuffs, including bread, and the speculation of hoarders were two of the reasons that led the lower social classes to riot against the rulers. In the case of the Motín de Esquilache, the revolt ended with the march, via Cartagena, of the Marquis, who had to leave the peninsula in the face of the events and the demands of the lower social classes.

The post Papers relating to the Madrid revolutions of 1766 first appeared on History Lab.

Order declaring as null and void the casualties made by abastos on the occasion of the Madrid uprising

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

The post Order declaring as null and void the casualties made by abastos on the occasion of the Madrid uprising first appeared on History Lab.

Dossier relating to the Royal Proclamation of Joseph I

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

The dossier includes:-Diligencias y documentos de tramitación propios del asunto; – Real orden comunicada por Sebastián Piñuela, secretario del Despacho de Gracia y Justicia, a Antonio Arias Mon, decano del Consejo y Cámara, y remitida al gobernador de la Sala de Alcaldes sobre la Real Proclamación de José I. – Aprobación de la Sala plena. – Royal order communicated by Sebastián Piñuela to Antonio Arias Mon and sent to the Governor of the Chamber of Mayors ordering the members of the courts to comply with the King on the occasion of his arrival. – Printed copy of a bando with the rules to be followed in the race in the town of Madrid for the Proclamation of the King. – Oficio sent by Francisco de Cabarrús Aguirre, Count of Cabarrús, informing of the delivery of 120,000 reales for distribution to the poor of the districts. – Report of the Sala plena by which Francisco Antonio de las Herrerías, treasurer of the Sala de Alcaldes and steward of the poor prisoners of the Royal Court Prison, is appointed as the person in charge of the distribution of the money destined for the poor.

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Manual calendar and guide for strangers in Madrid

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

An annual publication founded in 1722 by Luis Félix de Miraval y Spínola, who in the same year obtained the marquisate of Miraval, and Gaspar Ezpeleta, and which until 1734 was entitled Kalendario particular. From 1725 its printer was Juan Sanz, then his heirs, and from 1730, Antonio Sanz, his nephew, who in 1769 ceded the rights to the Spanish Crown in exchange for a lifelong pension. The most complete collection was acquired by the Royal Academy of History, and the one in the possession of the National Library of Spain begins in 1744, stamped with a privilege held by Antonio Sanz, printer to the King and his council. The title page states that it contains the births of the kings, queens, the seventy members of the Sacred College of Cardinals, the princes of Europe, the ministers who make up His Majesty’s courts in their kingdoms, with an indication of their private residences in Madrid. In short, it is a very complete guide to the State Administration of the ancien régime, with an indication of its executive and consultative bodies (royal councils, boards), scientific and academic institutions and other bodies and entities that the Spanish monarchy created throughout the eighteenth century (including the Royal Public Library itself), the book includes the names of the archbishops and bishops of Spain and the Indies, the composition of the courts (chancillerías and audiencias), the list of kingdoms and provinces and partidos, with the names of their governors, intendants and corregidores. It begins with the Gregorian calendar, with the saints’ calendar for each day and astronomical data, and also contains the 40-hour jubilee, as well as statistical data on marriages, births and deaths in the parishes of Madrid, and a summary of the sick in their hospitals. There is also another section on the days on which the court dresses up or the days on which the mails come and leave the General Post Office of Castile in this court, or the list of the Knights of the Golden Fleece. It will also include the values of Spanish coins and their exchange values with the most important coins in Europe. From 1768 it will be accompanied by the Estado militar de España, with its own title page, with the names of the captains and lieutenant generals of His Majesty’s Army, field marshals, brigadiers and naval officers, etc. In the 1767 edition he began to include engravings, such as those of Charles III, the Princes of Asturias and the one of the Palace of Aranjuez, and later those of Charles IV and Queen Maria Luisa, before including those of Ferdinand VII and his daughter, the young Queen Isabella II, in the 19th century. He would also print a dozen maps of Spain and plans by Tomás López and his sons. In 1774, it left the Royal Printing House of the Gazette, and included the lists of knights of Charles III, professors of the Royal Studies, ambassadors and consuls and vice-consuls of the King abroad, the chronology of the kings of Spain and the calendar of the main fairs. In 1790 it already included an index, at the end or at the beginning, and in the 19th century, the lists of the Royal Order of Noble Ladies, the economic societies and the Royal Seminary of Nobles. Its volume increased over the years, from a hundred to over four hundred pages. During the invasion of the Napoleonic army, the kalendario did not appear in 1809 or 1810, and in 1811 it left the printing house of Miguel Segovia, printer to the Royal Navy, from the Royal Island of León in Cadiz, produced by two of the editors who were in charge of the main guides for foreigners, litigants, commerce and finance, and war and the navy in Madrid, and entitled Guía patriótica de España (Patriotic Guide to Spain). It includes an introduction narrating the difficulties encountered in producing it and will consist of two parts. The first part will give an account of the legitimate government, its courts and military state, and the second of the corps and officers of the armies resident in Cadiz, as well as the list of deputies of the Cortes, accompanied by an article. Those of 1812 and 1813 were entitled Guía política de las España, and were also printed in Cádiz, the first in the office of the widow of Comes, and the second in the Imprenta Nacional. In this case it is written by a single editor, and includes patriotic ephemeris of the main events that have been taking place during the war against the French armies, and introductory articles to the list of the legislative body, list of deputies and of the court and secretariat of State of Cortes, executive power, supreme council of Regency, Council of State, ambassadors and commanders of the armies. The 1813 edition will include an addendum entitled Exércitos nacionales. On the return of Ferdinand VII, it returned to its previous title and to practically the same contents as it had published during the old regime, until during the liberal triennium, when it again changed its title and some of its contents, once again including the list of deputies to the Cortes and the new administrative institutions that the incipient liberal State was beginning to create. In 1821 it was entitled Guía de forasteros en Madrid, and in 1822 and 1823 Guía política y militar, printed at the Imprenta Nacional, formerly the Imprenta Real. For its part, the Estado militar de España, which had been published together with the kalendario, in 1821, 1822 and 1823 was entitled Estado de los ejércitos de la monarquía española (State of the Armies of the Spanish Monarchy). The calendar for 1825 is also interesting because the “purified” did not appear in the lists. This publication would continue to be published until 1837, when it was replaced by the Guía de forasteros en Madrid, which included engravings of the queen governor Maria Cristina and her daughter, Isabel II, and gave an account of the new organisation that the liberal state was creating to replace that of the old regime, the kalendario is therefore a basic source of information for understanding both the evolution of the state structure and the holders of its numerous organs and institutions, from the absolutist and enlightened monarchy of the eighteenth century to the first decades of the construction of the liberal state, with its two most influential episodes, the constituent Cortes of Cadiz and its epigone of the triennium.

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Royal decree granting the five major guilds of Madrid exclusive privilege to transport to Spain from Morocco

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

Royal Decree granting the five major guilds of Madrid the exclusive privilege for 8 years to transport grain and other fruits produced in Morocco to Spain from the ports of Morocco

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Provision of Charles III on the riots that occurred in the town of Madrid between 23rd and 26th March

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

The post Provision of Charles III on the riots that occurred in the town of Madrid between 23rd and 26th March first appeared on History Lab.

Religious practice of the Moors of Madrid before and after the expulsion. Geographical location

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:18 +0000

In analysing the presence of the Moors in Madrid, the aim is to contextualise this socio-religious minority numerically and geographically. It is noteworthy that in contrast to other places where the aljamas are disappearing and integrating into each other, in Madrid a certain persistence is documented, making it possible to analyse the geographical movements of the different communities located in the area.
From 1571 onwards, news began to emerge of the arrival of relatively large groups of Moors from Granada who settled in Madrid until their definitive exile. These new residents gradually joined the community of former Mudejars, forming very heterogeneous communities. In spite of this, the former Moors refused to mix with the Grenadians, or if they had to, they avoided their equal status due to certain privileges they enjoyed as a result of their voluntary conversion.
With respect to the map, the efforts of the local authorities to avoid concentrating all the Moriscos in a few streets and thus avoid their concentration in morerías can be seen. On the other hand, this discrimination, together with economic reasons, pushed the poorest Moriscos to settle on the outskirts of the city, far from the traditionally Mudejar neighbourhoods in previous years.

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Ground floor of the house of Don Pedro de Astrearena, Marquis of Murillo, 1746

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:18 +0000

The dwelling constitutes the main space for families in the Modern Period, both in terms of the ways of life and distribution of people within the houses and during their own cohabitation. These living relationships show great differences between urban and rural spaces, and this study therefore focuses on the inhabitants of Madrid as the capital of the Monarchy and seat of the Cortes during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The article analyses the de facto relationship between the owners of a property and the increasingly common tenants, who were not part of the family unit to which they had been accustomed until then. According to the research of the Planimetría General de Madrid, it is discovered that in the middle of the 18th century, 35% of the properties destined for housing in Madrid belonged to the Church and 11% to the nobility.
In terms of cohabitation, which is the object of study here, two types of owners can be distinguished in Madrid. On the one hand, there were those who lived in a house to live exclusively with their families, while on the other hand, there were individuals who established their habitual residence in houses with a characteristic architectural layout that allowed them to be inhabited by several families, who would then live directly with the owner. In large buildings, even large-scale restructuring of the space was carried out, as in the case in point, in which Don Pedro de Astreana sent his reform project to the Madrid City Council in 1746. The aim of this plan was to create up to ten separate rooms that would serve as living quarters for several people or family groups. In this situation, complete family nuclei would be established that would have nothing to do with those in the adjoining rooms.

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Distribution of foreign textiles through the port of Bilbao between 1710-1714

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:12 +0000

The resource deals with the distribution of foreign fabrics imported from the port of Bilbao during 1710 and 1714, the years in which the War of the Spanish Succession took place. Fabrics destined for Madrid and Toledo paid customs duties in Valmaseda, Orduña, while those bound for the Cantabrian mountain range did so in Vitoria. Taxes were directly proportional to the quality of the fabric: the higher the quality, the higher the tax. From the port of Bilbao they were distributed to wide areas of the peninsular monarchy: the Upper Ebro Valley, the Duero Valley, the Iberian System, Logroño, Soria and Toledo as its extreme points. Where did most of the textiles come from? In the years prior to the war, Holland and England were the two largest exporters (90% of the linen came from Holland). The Royal Order of 3 December 1710 prohibited the importation of Dutch fabrics, thus favouring the British. In the distribution network, Madrid, Toledo, Segovia and Valladolid were the provinces with the highest import ratio, followed by Ávila, Burgos, Palencia, Soria and Logroño. The authors warn us that, due to the war situation, the distribution could have altered with respect to previous years. The Royal Treasury tried to reduce some costs by suspending the payment of pensions, subsidies and other benefits, or by delaying the payment of bureaucratic salaries; this meant that certain privileged groups saw their incomes reduced. At the same time, in Castilian territory, the tax burden on the population was increased. The high taxes and reduced purchasing power led to a lower demand for foreign fabrics.

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Jebo or villager from the vicinity of Bilbao

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:31:41 +0000

The following engraved print omits any reference to the draughtsman. The original engraving belongs to the fifth booklet, published between 1779 and 1783. Separate print from: Cruz Cano and Juan de la Olmedilla (1734-1790), depicts the image of a villager or also known as “jebo”, which according to Emiliano de Arriaga’s Lexicon of Bilbao means “villager”, i.e. a stocky young man, with rough manners and forms, but with a noble and honourable background. There is an abundance of soft colours, with red standing out among the more muted tones. The shaded lines also stand out, showing the figure’s pose. The background of the image shows no elements, and the sparse vegetation gives the landscape a certain static character, making the main figure stand out even more.

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