mar - History Lab

Prudent conduct and procedure used by Mr. Francisco Ignacio de Alcibar Jaúregui in the revolutions that took place in the town of Azpeitia in November 1718, which was marked by

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

The 18th century was marked by numerous social conflicts, with the Esquilache riot being the most important revolt. All the revolts were social, economic and political in nature. The shortage of basic foodstuffs, including bread, and speculation by hoarders were two of the reasons that led the lower social classes to riot against the rulers. In this case, the machinada of 1718, caused by Philip V’s order to place customs on the coast, led to a rise in the price of products entering by sea.

The post Prudent conduct and procedure used by Mr. Francisco Ignacio de Alcibar Jaúregui in the revolutions that took place in the town of Azpeitia in November 1718, which was marked by first appeared on History Lab.

Representation addressed to the King by the Diputación de Guipúzcoa, requesting that the customs offices be returned to where they were

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

The post Representation addressed to the King by the Diputación de Guipúzcoa, requesting that the customs offices be returned to where they were first appeared on History Lab.

Royal Decree on the establishment of customs on the coast and the frontier

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:04 +0000

The post Royal Decree on the establishment of customs on the coast and the frontier first appeared on History Lab.

List of those killed and wounded on the Bahama in the Battle of Trafalgar

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:51 +0000

After Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, the Spanish court proved to be a weak extension of French policy. Charles IV’s latent weakness encouraged the French cause around the invasion of Portugal in 1801. A year later, France and England signed the Peace of Amiens, but their confrontation was soon to resume, and Spain became involved in this confrontation. The direct consequence of this situation was the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), where the Spanish fleet was destroyed by Admiral Nelson’s squadron. This defeat led to a further weakening of control of the overseas territories, which resulted in considerable economic collapse.

The post List of those killed and wounded on the Bahama in the Battle of Trafalgar first appeared on History Lab.

Wine imports through the port of London, 1600-1696 (in tonnes)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the prohibition on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. The port of London, at the end of the 17th century, centralised most of the country’s commercial activity, and between 1672-1681 this enclave alone collected 542,100 pounds sterling out of the 760,000 pounds sterling obtained from the rest of the British ports: between 75-90% of the legal wine imports at the end of the century were made in the Thames. Starting from figures of around 5,000 tons per year and after reaching the highest figures of the century at the end of the 1630s (30,420 tons in 1638), there was a decline which did not mean a return to the starting figures. The change occurred around 1640, reflecting a situation of internal instability in the country, taking into account the increase in taxation on wine that led to the prohibition of French wine imports during the confrontation with Louis XIV.

The post Wine imports through the port of London, 1600-1696 (in tonnes) first appeared on History Lab.

Imports of wine through the port of London by provenance, 1675-1696 (tonnes)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the prohibition on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. The port of London, at the end of the 17th century, centralised most of the country’s commercial activity, and between 1672-1681, it alone collected 542,100 pounds sterling out of the 760,000 pounds sterling obtained from the rest of the British ports: between 75-90% of the legal wine imports at the end of the century were made in the Thames. The confrontation between France and England (1679-1685 and 1689-1696), together with the prohibitions on importing French wine, was a decisive factor since, in the mid-1670s, two thirds of the wine arriving in London came from France. Therefore, this situation meant an opening and a benefit for Portuguese and Spanish wines. At the end of the Third Anglo-Dutch War and the Franco-Dutch War, at the end of the 1670s and the beginning of the 1680s, Rhenish wines were the only ones whose natural outlet was through Dutch ports, and they were of some importance.

The post Imports of wine through the port of London by provenance, 1675-1696 (tonnes) first appeared on History Lab.

Annual movement of ships between the United States and Spain, 1780-1800

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The 1790s provided the newly created republic of the United States with a commercial impetus during the early years of the 19th century that would contribute to the development of the new nation. Independence brought an end to the policies of exclusivity and the opening of colonial ports, particularly Spanish and French ones. Contrary to what might have been thought, trade between the Thirteen Colonies and ports on the Iberian Peninsula did not come to a standstill; ports such as Philadelphia intensified their traffic with Cadiz and Lisbon. Navigation, especially to Cadiz and through the Strait of Gibraltar, was not without risk. Since Independence, the US government tried to neutralise the activity of Barbary corsairs against its commerce by disbursing money. In this regard, American captains interested in the trade arrived in Iberian ports. Between 1780-1800, 765 ships left US ports for the Iberian Peninsula and another 1,312 touched a Portuguese or Spanish port before sailing back across the Atlantic. The close-up reveals a considerable difference between the number of ships that left (514) and those that returned (616), a circumstance that could be due to nature itself. This table reveals that the annual movement of traffic was within the growth parameters that characterised American shipping in the late 1800s. However, not all American ports had the same relevance in traffic with Spain, as specialisation in the export of certain goods conditioned the traffic pattern. Spanish demand was centred on cereals, flour, fish and wood, therefore, the ports of Philadelphia and Salem were those which concentrated the greatest number of departures, 49.5% and 39% respectively. In the case of inbound traffic, the situation changes, with 62% of the ships going to the port of Philadelphia and only 17% returning to Marblehead. The distribution of traffic was fairly homogeneous: between 1780-1800 the majority of American ships went to Cadiz and Bilbao (49.7%), although with substantial differences in terms of the origin of the vessels.

The post Annual movement of ships between the United States and Spain, 1780-1800 first appeared on History Lab.

Departures of ships from US ports to various Spanish ports, 1780-1800

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:07 +0000

The 1790s provided the newly created republic of the United States with a commercial impetus during the early years of the 19th century that would contribute to the development of the new nation. Independence brought an end to the policies of exclusivity and the opening of colonial ports, particularly Spanish and French ones. Contrary to what might be thought, trade between the Thirteen Colonies and the ports of the Iberian Peninsula did not come to a standstill; ports such as Philadelphia intensified their traffic with Cadiz and Lisbon. Navigations, especially to Cadiz and through the Strait of Gibraltar, were not without risk. The concentration of maritime traffic in the ports of Philadelphia, Salem and Marblehead is reflected in this table, both for vessels leaving and arriving from US ports. The discrepancies between the number of departures and arrivals betray the inclination of American capitals to visit different ports on their voyages, so that ships leaving Salem for any Spanish port returned from other European ports. The distribution of traffic was fairly homogeneous: between 17880-1800 the majority of American ships went to Cadiz and Bilbao (49.7%), although with substantial differences in the origin of vessels. To Cadiz they came mainly from Philadelphia and to a lesser extent from New England, while Bilbao was more frequently visited by ships from the latter area. Tenerife especially received American ships arriving from Philadelphia, and La Coruña received those coming from New England. The commercial links between specific areas are undoubtedly determined by the demand and supply of goods. Cadiz’s relationship with Philadelphia and, probably with Baltimore and Charleston, stems from the need to supply cereals and flour, both for the surrounding area and for subsequent distribution. In Tenerife, the commercial activity of the American ships that transported the flour to the island, part of the merchandise was re-exported to Cuba. However, the table shows 50 ships that did not declare a specific port of destination, stating only their intention to travel to Spain. Most of these left Philadelphia in 1790 (38 of them). Another fact to bear in mind is the lack of interest on the part of American captains in voyages to Spanish Mediterranean ports, which may have generated some dissatisfaction on the part of the American government when, from 1786 onwards, it took a stand for control of the Moroccan corsairs.

The post Departures of ships from US ports to various Spanish ports, 1780-1800 first appeared on History Lab.

Regional origin of Spanish wines arriving in London (%)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000

The post Regional origin of Spanish wines arriving in London (%) first appeared on History Lab.

Origin of Spanish wine landed in London, 1664-1697 (in tonnes and %)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000

Throughout the 17th century, wine became one of the most important aspects of Spanish exports to England. The international wine market faced strong competition during the 17th century, so other wine-producing countries such as France and Portugal had to be taken into account, as the ban on importing French wines or the increase in tariffs that affected the international wine market should be noted. When asked about the origin of the Spanish wines that landed in London in the second half of the 17th century, Canary Island wine accounted for 56.27% of all Spanish wine registered in the port of London. The fall in malvasia imports in 1666 was the main explanation for the drop in Spanish wine imports in 1664 to 2,016. The decline was due to the confrontation that took place between local producers and the English merchants who controlled both the origin and destination of wine exports from the archipelago. This confrontation led to the episode known as the wine spill on 2-3 July 1666. In response, the British government banned the import of Canary Island wine on 12 November of that year, until it was restored the following year. Although Malaga appears as the second most important area with 17.31% of the total amount of wine arriving in London between 1664-1697, what is relevant in the case of Malaga is the decline in wine exports to England, both in relative and absolute terms in the last third of the 16th century: the 3,300 tons of wine that arrived in London from Malaga in 1664 were reduced to 460 tons between 1694-1697. Cadiz, however, has figures that are difficult to interpret due to the strong fluctuations it shows: compared to an annual average of 445 tons in 1666-1668, in 1694-97 it reached quantities close to 1,000 tons.

The post Origin of Spanish wine landed in London, 1664-1697 (in tonnes and %) first appeared on History Lab.