XVI - History Lab

Rules and Exercises ofthe Congregation of Students, under the protection of the Virgin Mary in herMary in her Annunciation, founded with Apostolic authority in the College of the Company ofCollege of the Society of Jesus in Barcelona in the year 1577

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:40 +0000

The success of the Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola soon covered the field of education as an expression of the reforming spirit of the order. Between the last third of the 16th century and shortly before it was dissolved, the order had taken over secondary education and a large part of university education, especially in the fields of philosophy and grammar. The education received in the Marian Congregations was so important that the degrees obtained were recognised in the universities. In the formative process, however, the religious and moral facets were emphasised, and these took precedence over the academic education itself. It was precisely this spirit that was criticised by the Enlightenment, who pointed out that the aspects relating not to the faith itself, but to those of the order itself, took precedence over the academic aspects.

The post Rules and Exercises ofthe Congregation of Students, under the protection of the Virgin Mary in herMary in her Annunciation, founded with Apostolic authority in the College of the Company ofCollege of the Society of Jesus in Barcelona in the year 1577 first appeared on History Lab.

Affirmations of the Dominican Saint Louis Bertrán against the Moors

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

Luis Beltrán’s words are a historical diagnosis of the legal situation of the Moriscos. After centuries of relative tolerance, the status of the Mudejars was jeopardised by the outbreak of the Revolt of the Agermanada (1520-1523). In this revolt, the aljamas were raided and the Moors were forcibly converted. This was because the Agermanados believed that the Moors were allies of the lords they were against. The preponderance of a millenarian sentiment and the consequent exacerbation of religious feelings may also have played a role. In any case, forced conversions were contradictory to joining the Catholic religion, which had to be done of one’s own free will. For example, the situation that arose for the Moors in Carlet is illustrative, where at the baptismal font they were warned by the vicar Candela that they would not be baptised if they did not want to be, despite the fact that, at the door of the religious building, the Moors would not be allowed to choose by the German troops. In 1526 Charles I ratified the validity of the conversions even though the lords wanted the Moors to return to their former state as Muslims. This was because the lords wanted to exercise their jurisdiction over the Moors and avoid interference from the ecclesiastics. However, now that they were converted, the Moors came under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.

The post Affirmations of the Dominican Saint Louis Bertrán against the Moors first appeared on History Lab.

Some documents and private letters that belongs to the sencond duke of Gandía in Joan de Borja. Notes for the history of Alexandre V

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

The importance of this text lies in the fact that it represents from the primary source the importance given to the entailed estate. The entailed an estate was a group of goods that constituted the patrimony normally created by the nobility and accredited before a notary. It was an indivisible group that sought to maintain the lineage in perpetuity. It was normally assigned to the first-born male. However, the casuistry was extended and regulated in the Laws of Toro in 1505. Most of a nobleman’s property was normally integrated in the estate, but some could be reserved for the second-born of the family. Indeed, as it was indivisible, it passed entirely to the first-born, so that the younger siblings did not have such a guaranteed future as the first-born. For this reason, the nobility tried to place these second-born children in the church and other institutions in order to give them a stable future.

The post Some documents and private letters that belongs to the sencond duke of Gandía in Joan de Borja. Notes for the history of Alexandre V first appeared on History Lab.

Londoño to García de Toledo

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

The siege of Malta in 1565 was an operation deployed by the Sublime Porte with the aim of eradicating the Christian corsairs that hindered commercial traffic in the Mediterranean under Ottoman rule. With the arrival of a spectacular army and navy, little progress was made given the strong resistance put up by the Maltese from their fortresses. The exhaustion of the Ottoman army and its Algerian allies, together with the news that Philip II agreed to help the Maltese, led to a rapid retreat that ended in a resounding defeat. The failure in Malta was one of the last attempts by the Sublime Porte to show interest in the Western Mediterranean and a moralising victory for the Catholic Monarchy after the disaster of Los Gelves in 1560. This victory was to be joined by that of Lepanto in 1571, which occurred only a few years later.

The post Londoño to García de Toledo first appeared on History Lab.

Burning of 107 people accused of Judaising in 1504 in Cordoba

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:35 +0000

After the expulsion of the Jews from the peninsula, strict mechanisms of repression were established against any hint of the presence of this religion. For this control, the Inquisition was entrusted with the task. In this case, the inquisitor Digo Rodríguez Lucero led 107 people accused of being Judaisers to the stake. He was characterised by his ferocious persecution of these new Christians, and it is even claimed that he allowed a real Judaiser to instruct the accused in the prisons so that he could later accuse them. His ways and means of proceeding led Pedro Mártir de Anglería to emphasise his dark and demonically inspired character. The unpopularity of his actions led the city of Cordoba to request his expulsion. However, none of the bodies to which they appealed shared this view. Nevertheless, in 1506 the city took up arms against him, storming the inquisitorial prison while Lucero fled the city.

The post Burning of 107 people accused of Judaising in 1504 in Cordoba first appeared on History Lab.

The conferences of the famous city of Tortosa

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:29 +0000

The exclusion of women from the field of education has been a widespread reality for many centuries, and Europe was no exception. Despite the fact that this area gradually became one of the most outstanding centres of knowledge production on the planet, the succession of paradigms of knowledge (Scholasticism, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, etc.) did not contemplate women as generators of knowledge. At this time, the role of women was to be reduced to housework and the education of children. Nevertheless, the profile could vary according to social status. For example, women who belonged to the nobility or the bourgeoisie could be somewhat better educated than their lower-ranking counterparts. Women’s education had already been considered as far back as Plato, and in the modern era, Juan Luis Vives’ work (De institutione feminae christianae), published in 1523, was also a case in point. However, the repercussions of this type of approach were not profound, and it would not be until the 18th century that a concern for the instruction of women would be shown. In this case, this is a text from the 16th century which shows the marginal situation of women in the field of education. It would be interesting to show the students the historical situation of exclusion of women from educational training, which on the other hand explains their absence in the production of knowledge, inventions, etc. Despite the fact that in the underground there will always be women who escaped from these rigid rules that for centuries governed society, it would be interesting to show the students the historical situation of women’s exclusion from educational training, which also explains their absence in the production of knowledge, inventions, etc

The post The conferences of the famous city of Tortosa first appeared on History Lab.

Pragmatics of June 7, 1586

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:29 +0000

Banditry was a reality that affected the territories of the Crown of Aragon, especially at the end of the 16th century. The emergence of armed bands that raided the trade routes was due to the worsening economic situation in these regions. It was a widespread reality in Catalonia, Aragon and, of course, Valencia. The difficulty in dealing with this banditry lay in the fact that it involved a large number of actors, some of whom had great power, such as nobles and churchmen, many of whom were in a disastrous situation. This was intertwined with another type of banditry such as that deployed by the Moors. The latter was the variant that most monopolised the pragmatics and was accused of being the cause of all evils. Measures designed to put an end to this type of problem encountered numerous obstacles due to the nobility’s distrust of interference in their jurisdiction, so that pragmatic pragmatics were issued which tended to admonish anyone who colluded with this type of crime. In this case, it is the pragmatic order of 7 June 1586 in Valencia. With this type of ordinances and pragmatics, an attempt was made to put an end to this evil, which caused real concern in Spain at the end of the 16th century.

The post Pragmatics of June 7, 1586 first appeared on History Lab.

Announcement by Juan de Zúñiga

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:33:29 +0000

Naples in the 16th century was integrated into the Spanish Monarchy as an inheritance of the Crown of Aragon. In the 16th century, the city experienced a demographic growth that was partly due to the slaves made in the Mediterranean. This was the century of the naval wars in the Mediterranean that pitted the Spanish Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire and its Maghrebi allies. In this case, in addition to the captives obtained from the raids against Barbary, there were also those taken from enemy ships. The volume of this slave population began to grow in Naples, which generated enormous concern in the political circles of the monarchy, who feared that this population was acting in collusion with the Ottoman and Barbary ships. This concern was compounded by the inability of the Inquisition to establish a presence in the city of Naples because of the political elites’ suspicion of its presence. This laxity gave rise to the feeling that this population had not really converted to the Catholic faith, and so attempts were made to convert and control them by means of this type of enactment.

The post Announcement by Juan de Zúñiga first appeared on History Lab.