Desigualdad - History Lab https://historylab.es Fri, 20 May 2022 15:40:31 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0 https://historylab.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/cropped-icono-historylab-32x32.jpg Desigualdad - History Lab https://historylab.es 32 32 Distribution of land ownership in the Sierra de Alcaraz (1753). Cultivated land. https://historylab.es/distribution-of-land-ownership-in-the-sierra-de-alcaraz-1753-cultivated-land/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=distribution-of-land-ownership-in-the-sierra-de-alcaraz-1753-cultivated-land Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:31 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/distribucion-de-la-propiedad-de-la-tierra-en-la-sierra-de-alcaraz-1753-tierra-cultivada/ Distribution of cultivated land ownership as a reflection of the inequalities of the Ancien Régime

The post Distribution of land ownership in the Sierra de Alcaraz (1753). Cultivated land. first appeared on History Lab.

]]> In mountain areas such as the Sierra de Alcaraz, land ownership was conditioned by the orography of the territory. In 1753, 28.3% of the land in this mountain range was under cultivation. Of this figure, almost 50% of the cultivation belonged to only 2% of the owners. Likewise, almost half of the total landowners owned only 2% of the arable land. The marked imbalance of ownership translated into different economic benefits: the concentration of land in a few hands meant that 17% of landowners owned more than 1,000 reals of gross produce, a figure that rose to more than 40,000 for the few individuals who owned the most; again, conversely, more than 70% of landowners owned less than 500 reals of produce. The rest of the uncultivated land, 71.7%, could belong to the Council, which was also controlled by the local elites. Livestock farming, like agriculture, showed the same tendency towards concentration in the hands of a few individuals. The survival and future of the less well-off depended on the leasing of land, either for cultivation or as pasture for livestock. These data are but one concrete example of the inequalities that existed in the Ancien Régime and which were perpetuated throughout southern Spain.

ce903a71c3599b9aa167d70dd0b4640f1Download

The post Distribution of land ownership in the Sierra de Alcaraz (1753). Cultivated land. first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Social distribution of exploited land in northern Spain (18th century) https://historylab.es/social-distribution-of-exploited-land-in-northern-spain-18th-century/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=social-distribution-of-exploited-land-in-northern-spain-18th-century Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:13 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/distribucion-social-de-la-tierra-explotada-en-la-espana-septentrional-siglo-xviii/ Resource showing the differences in land ownership between the coastal and inland areas of northern Spain

The post Social distribution of exploited land in northern Spain (18th century) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Land ownership was one of the factors that made the Ancien Régime an unequal system, a reflection of the estates’ society. In the mid-18th century, northern Spain was no stranger to these issues. The resource addresses the differences in land tenure according to whether they were coastal or inland areas, in an exercise in comparative methodology. The author identifies two distinct models of social stratification in the coastal provinces: the first is based on a smallholding society where average holdings are between one and one and a half hectares, meaning that 60% of the peasants did not reach the minimum subsistence level, while the top 15% of holdings controlled between 40 and 50% of the land. The second coastal model was the one located in the transition zone between the coast and the interior, where the degree of smallholdings was greater but, again, insufficient, and where secondary economic activities had to be carried out for subsistence: livestock farming.

The post Social distribution of exploited land in northern Spain (18th century) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Transfer of patrimonial assets by social groups in the province of León (18th century) https://historylab.es/transfer-of-patrimonial-assets-by-social-groups-in-the-province-of-leon-18th-century/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=transfer-of-patrimonial-assets-by-social-groups-in-the-province-of-leon-18th-century Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:40 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/transmision-de-bienes-patrimoniales-por-grupos-sociales-de-la-provincia-de-leon-siglo-xviii/ Distribution of inheritances to see the distribution of inheritances according to social groups, analysing the impact of the legitimate, third of improvement and fifth of free disposal in both rural and urban areas

The post Transfer of patrimonial assets by social groups in the province of León (18th century) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> In the 18th century, different social groups developed different inheritance behaviours. Although Castilian inheritance legislation tended towards equal distribution, there were improvements that could unbalance the amount of inheritance. In El Bierzo, in the families of the Dones or hidalguía, 85.4% of the assets were distributed equally in legitimate, being the improvements of Tercio and Quinto, separately, 0.4% and 0.2% respectively. It was common for both improvements to be combined into one, in what is known as “mejora del tercio y quinto” where, in this case, the percentage rose to 14%. This means that the nobility tended to favour a single member of the family. On the other hand, the bourgeoisie showed heterogeneous behaviour. In El Bierzo, the improvement of the Quinto surpassed that of the Tercio and the Conjuntas, but not the administrative bourgeoisie of the city of León, where the Quinto and the Conjuntas were comparable. The peasantry, together with the commercial bourgeoisie and, above all, the liberal professions, in the city of León, had the highest rate of legitimacy with 93.4%, 95.6% and 100%. The mentality and the patrimonial development of the families was, therefore, very much conditioned by the inheritance: the higher the percentage of legitimate, the greater the egalitarian distribution, while the higher the convergence of the Tercio and the Quinto, the greater the empowerment of one heir over the others.

The post Transfer of patrimonial assets by social groups in the province of León (18th century) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> The amount of inheritances destined for religious purposes. Sahagún and the city of León in the 18th century https://historylab.es/the-amount-of-inheritances-destined-for-religious-purposes-sahagun-and-the-city-of-leon-in-the-18th-century/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-amount-of-inheritances-destined-for-religious-purposes-sahagun-and-the-city-of-leon-in-the-18th-century Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:40 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/cantidad-de-las-herencias-destinadas-a-la-religiosidad-sahagun-y-la-ciudad-de-leon-en-el-siglo-xviii/ Amount destined to the salvation of the soul in wills as a reflection of religiosity in the urban world of the city of León and in the rural world of Sahagún

The post The amount of inheritances destined for religious purposes. Sahagún and the city of León in the 18th century first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Resource oriented to the analysis of the expenses that were made, within the wills, for the burial, funeral and the salvation of the soul of the deceased. These items came out of the fifth of free disposal. The author investigates these deductions by means of the percentage that these expenses represented with respect to the inheritance received by their children. At first, it is noticed that the higher the legitimate, the lower the funeral expenses would be in relation to it. The group of merchants and financiers in the city of León showed the average legitimate per child to be 134,295 reales, with the average funeral expenses being 5,530 (1%). This figure was 1.8% for the administrative and liberal professions bourgeoisie. Finally, the peasantry, with the amount of legitimate patrimony they had at their disposal, the deduction for religiosity was 10%. Thus, the most precarious family economies saw how these expenses affected to a greater extent their capacity for social reproduction and the forging of new family nuclei.

The post The amount of inheritances destined for religious purposes. Sahagún and the city of León in the 18th century first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Shaping the Demographic Parameters of the Differentiated Household in a North Atlantic Model (1584-1670) https://historylab.es/shaping-the-demographic-parameters-of-the-differentiated-household-in-a-north-atlantic-model-1584-1670/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=shaping-the-demographic-parameters-of-the-differentiated-household-in-a-north-atlantic-model-1584-1670 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:40 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/configuracion-de-los-parametros-demograficos-del-hogar-diferenciado-en-un-modelo-noratlantico-1584-1670/ Resource that deals with the structural model of families in the Galician region of Baixo Minho to see the demographic sociology of households according to their social status

The post Shaping the Demographic Parameters of the Differentiated Household in a North Atlantic Model (1584-1670) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Rural society in south-western Galicia, in the Bajo Miño region, was part of the North Atlantic demographic system. The study of the parish of San Martín de Caldelas, between 1584 and 1670, shows us the configuration of households according to their economic, material and status level within society: upper, middle and lower families. A first analysis reveals the predominance in number of the lower, more humble families. In these families, the average number of children per family was lower than in the middle and upper families, being 5.79, 7.67 and 6.6 respectively. Another significant difference is the age of entry into marriage, both for women and men, with the poorer families showing a tendency to delay entry due to a late exit from the family, while the upper families had a younger age of marriage for the male than the others. This age difference had an impact on the years of actual fertility, being higher in the more privileged families. The wide variety of information provided by the author helps us to understand the demographic dynamics of families; a structural issue for the analysis and explanation of the society of the Ancien Régime.

The post Shaping the Demographic Parameters of the Differentiated Household in a North Atlantic Model (1584-1670) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Type of landholding and age of the head of the family in the Sierra de Alcaraz (Albacete) in 1753 https://historylab.es/type-of-landholding-and-age-of-the-head-of-the-family-in-the-sierra-de-alcaraz-albacete-in-1753/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=type-of-landholding-and-age-of-the-head-of-the-family-in-the-sierra-de-alcaraz-albacete-in-1753 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:33 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/tipo-de-hacienda-y-edad-del-cabeza-de-familia-en-la-sierra-de-alcaraz-albacete-en-1753/ Heritage and life cycle in land ownership and work in the Sierra de Alcaraz (Albacete), highlighting the unequal distribution of land and the children's care work for their parents.

The post Type of landholding and age of the head of the family in the Sierra de Alcaraz (Albacete) in 1753 first appeared on History Lab.

]]> In the Sierra del Alcaraz area of the 18th century, property was unequally distributed among the number of owners. The inequality between large and small landowners was also affected by another factor: age. Ownership and the life cycle of the individual are intimately linked in the family environment: while the parents acquire land, the children work on it as helpers. When they reach the age of 35 to 55, the stage of greatest accumulation of property takes place; their parents, already in the final years of their lives, give them the land so that they can perpetuate themselves in the family. However, until the time of their death, those over 55 years of age will continue to concentrate their wealth. Of the owners over this age, 25.7% are counted as medium-sized owners, compared with 23.4% who had no real estate, a not insignificant figure, which only increases from the age of 65 onwards with 35.5%. This trend in medium-sized property ownership contrasts with the dynamics of small and large estates. Thus, among small property owners, those between 35 and 44 years of age stand out most, and large property owners between 45 and 54 years of age.

The post Type of landholding and age of the head of the family in the Sierra de Alcaraz (Albacete) in 1753 first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Inheritance of free goods to the sons of the León nobility (Aldermen of the city of León) https://historylab.es/inheritance-of-free-goods-to-the-sons-of-the-leon-nobility-aldermen-of-the-city-of-leon/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=inheritance-of-free-goods-to-the-sons-of-the-leon-nobility-aldermen-of-the-city-of-leon Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:33 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/herencia-de-bienes-libres-a-los-hijos-de-la-nobleza-leonesa-regidores-de-la-ciudad-de-leon/ Table reflecting the property transfer preferences of the Leonese nobility

The post Inheritance of free goods to the sons of the León nobility (Aldermen of the city of León) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> The transmission of property through inheritance was one of the most effective family policies for laying the foundations of social reproduction. The Castilian inheritance system provided the testator with the flexibility to distribute his property equally or to accumulate in one individual a large part of the estate to be inherited. However, the form of inheritance was closely related to the amount of assets at the testator’s disposal. In the case of the noble rulers of the city of León, the sons received 82.4% of the total amounts transmitted by the legitimate; the remaining 17.6% was destined to improvements. Within the improvements, the Quinto de mejora and the Tercio de libre disposición went to a single heir. Although with modest amounts, the Leonese nobility tended to prioritise the unequal transmission of the property, favouring a first-born to avoid its atomisation. The present resource is a sample of the social practices and the differentiated mentality, with a material basis, which was rooted in the different social profiles.

The post Inheritance of free goods to the sons of the León nobility (Aldermen of the city of León) first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Amount in reals of free goods transmitted to the children of the León nobility according to gender https://historylab.es/amount-in-reals-of-free-goods-transmitted-to-the-children-of-the-leon-nobility-according-to-gender/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=amount-in-reals-of-free-goods-transmitted-to-the-children-of-the-leon-nobility-according-to-gender Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:33 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/cantidad-en-reales-de-bienes-libres-transmitidos-a-los-hijos-de-la-nobleza-leonesa-segun-el-sexo/ Data analysing the distribution of free assets in inheritances according to sex and testator's preference

The post Amount in reals of free goods transmitted to the children of the León nobility according to gender first appeared on History Lab.

]]> The resource deals with the hereditary strategy of the town councillors of the city of León during the 18th and half of the 19th century. The author shows how a first-born child, male or female, was favoured to the detriment of the other offspring. Thus, we can see that the amounts of free designation received by the lucky ones could be up to three times that of the rest of the siblings. However, in most cases, the amounts of difference were modest: with the legitimate share balanced, the free disposal assets hardly represented a significant contribution.

The post Amount in reals of free goods transmitted to the children of the León nobility according to gender first appeared on History Lab.

]]> Distribution of land ownership among households in the mid-18th century https://historylab.es/distribution-of-land-ownership-among-households-in-the-mid-18th-century/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=distribution-of-land-ownership-among-households-in-the-mid-18th-century Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:27 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/distribucion-de-la-propiedad-de-la-tierra-entre-los-hogares-a-mediados-del-siglo-xviii/ Land ownership in some municipalities in Spain at the end of the Ancien Régime, highlighting the concentration of land in a few hands

The post Distribution of land ownership among households in the mid-18th century first appeared on History Lab.

]]> In the Ancien Régime, land ownership was concentrated in the hands of a few. The Military Orders, churches and convents were some of the institutions that owned the most, thus benefiting the privileged classes. The existing inequalities are reflected when we analyse the property owned by the heads of different households. If we take as an example some municipalities in inland Spain, we can see that, in the mid-18th century, between a third and half of the households did not own land. Among those who did own land, it was small, not exceeding 1 hectare in most cases. Only 1 to 3 per cent of households owned more than 100 hectares. The unequal distribution translated into worse economic conditions, and these were reflected in family structures: while the average household size was around 3.75-4 persons, privileged families increased the number of members to 6 or 7.

The post Distribution of land ownership among households in the mid-18th century first appeared on History Lab.

]]> The history of women in the Prado Museum. Educational guide https://historylab.es/the-history-of-women-in-the-prado-museum-educational-guide/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-history-of-women-in-the-prado-museum-educational-guide Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:41 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/la-historia-de-las-mujeres-en-el-museo-del-prado-guia-didactica/ The Prado Museum's virtual didactic guide to the history of women in Modern Spain

The post The history of women in the Prado Museum. Educational guide first appeared on History Lab.

]]> According to the presentation made by the Museo del Prado itself, the Didactic Guide is based on the need to promote the association of museums and educational institutions to create joint strategies to overcome gender inequalities through a critical approach to the history and theories of art. The project is part of “Didactics 2.0 Museums in Feminine”, a project that is the result of joint work between a team from the Feminist Research Institute of the Complutense University of Madrid, the e-Women Association and the teams from the Museums participating in the project: Museo del Prado, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Museo del Traje and Museo Nacional de Cerámica González Martí. The itineraries prepared by Antonia Fernández Valencia, Marián López Fernández Cao and Asunción Bernárdez Rodal address two basic themes: Women and power and Women’s jobs. According to these authors, although they are clearly related to each other, we can say that they have a profoundly complementary character from a social point of view, since the first one basically includes the works and biographies of women from royal and noble houses, while the second one, even including some examples of women from these groups due to their political activity, focuses essentially on the works of women from the middle and working classes. Both itineraries choose different works that put us in contact with different aspects of women in history and can lead us in turn to different themes of the History of Spain in the Modern Age. They are divided into several blocks: Discourse on motherhood, devotion, power and women’s knowledge; Queens and regents in Hapsburg Spain; Our daily work; Family portraits; and Women with their own name. With a clear methodology in terms of objectives and content, as well as the keys to analysis that are of most interest, in each section there is a section of proposed activities and complementary activities for students. And at the end, a series of appendices are added which deal with aspects related to the portraits, questioning the social situation or abounding in lines of conceptual work which can be expanded on later by resorting to other primary sources or historiography.

The post The history of women in the Prado Museum. Educational guide first appeared on History Lab.

]]>