Esclavos - History Lab https://historylab.es Fri, 20 May 2022 16:03:13 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0 https://historylab.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/cropped-icono-historylab-32x32.jpg Esclavos - History Lab https://historylab.es 32 32 Plan and section of slave ship https://historylab.es/plan-and-section-of-slave-ship/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=plan-and-section-of-slave-ship Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:30:14 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/plano-y-seccion-de-barco-negrero/ The image depicts the plan and section of a ship engaged in the black slave trade. The document is written in English and published in London.

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]]> During the Modern Age, the slave trade was commonplace. The Spanish were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the New World on islands such as Cuba, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The first African slaves would arrive on Hispaniola in 1501. Likewise, the increased Portuguese presence in the Americas also created a strong demand for slave labour in Brazil, mainly for harvesting and mining, and so slave labour economies quickly expanded to the Caribbean and the southern part of what is now the United States, where Dutch traders brought the first African slaves in 1619. As European nations grew more powerful, especially Portugal, Spain, France, Britain and Holland, they began to fight for control of the African slave trade, although soon the British Crown’s naval control of the Atlantic forced other major countries to abandon their ventures. Thus, the Royal African Company held a monopoly over the African slave trade routes until 1712. The Atlantic slave trade reached its peak towards the end of the 18th century, when more slaves were captured in expeditions in the West African interior. These expeditions were usually conducted by African kingdoms against weaker local tribes, so Europeans rarely penetrated the African interior for fear of tropical diseases or African resistance.

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]]> Evolution of the population by socio-racial groups in Cuba, 1774-1827 https://historylab.es/evolution-of-the-population-by-socio-racial-groups-in-cuba-1774-1827/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=evolution-of-the-population-by-socio-racial-groups-in-cuba-1774-1827 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/evolucion-de-la-poblacion-por-grupos-sociorraciales-en-cuba-1774-1827/ Evolution of the free white, free black and brown and black and brown slave population in Cuba in the late 18th century

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]]> At the end of the seventeenth century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. Until the 17th century, the weight of the sugar economy in the province was minimal. The jurisdiction had five mills in 1778 and eight in 1792, producing 1.5% of the island’s total sugar. The momentum of the slave plantation system in the region was such that in 1827 there were 111 enclaves dedicated to this type of production in Matanzas, which contributed 25% of the island’s total production. One of the indicators of this process of change was the availability of a workforce linked to the success of the sugar model, where slaves and free blacks predominated. The evolution of Matanzas, in comparison to the rest of Cuba, confirms the general trend of change, highlighting the relevance of the region. For the island, population growth by group was generalised. In the first period (1774-1792), the free black and slave populations played a leading role. From 1792, the growth of the free population stagnated with a downward trend, while the slave population remained stable until the end of the period and reached the level of the white population.

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]]> Evolution of the population by socio-racial groups in Matanzas (Cuba), 1774-1827 https://historylab.es/evolution-of-the-population-by-socio-racial-groups-in-matanzas-cuba-1774-1827/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=evolution-of-the-population-by-socio-racial-groups-in-matanzas-cuba-1774-1827 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/evolucion-de-la-poblacion-por-grupos-sociorraciales-en-matanzas-cuba-1774-1827/ Evolution of the free white, free black and brown population and black and brown slaves in Matanzas (Cuba) at the end of the 18th century

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]]> At the end of the 18th century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. Until the 17th century, the weight of the sugar economy in the province was minimal. The jurisdiction had five mills in 1778 and eight in 1792, producing 1.5% of the island’s total sugar. The momentum of the slave plantation system in the region was such that in 1827 there were 111 enclaves dedicated to this type of production in Matanzas, which contributed 25% of the island’s total production. One of the indicators of this process of change was the availability of labour linked to the success of the sugar model, where slaves and free blacks predominated. In the case of Matanzas, the general trend of growth was led by free blacks and slaves in the first period, with a more timid increase among whites. From 1792 onwards, the rate of growth was set by the slave population. With regard to Cuba, it should be noted that growth never stagnated at any time, and that the intensity was more pronounced, especially at the end of the period. The dynamism is reflected in the growth of the population of Matanzas as a proportion of the island’s population, from 2% in 1774 to 7% in 1827. Slaves not only outnumbered the white population, but also accounted for 9% of the total number of slaves in Cuba in 1827. In general terms, Matanzas underwent much more intense demographic transformations than the rest of the island during the 18th century, particularly among the slave population.

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]]> Evolution of the births, deaths and natural growth of the black population of Matanzas (1755-1810) https://historylab.es/evolution-of-the-births-deaths-and-natural-growth-of-the-black-population-of-matanzas-1755-1810/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=evolution-of-the-births-deaths-and-natural-growth-of-the-black-population-of-matanzas-1755-1810 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/evolucion-de-los-nacimientos-defunciones-y-crecimiento-natural-de-la-poblacion-negra-de-matanzas-1755-1810/ Evolution of births, deaths and natural growth of the black population in Matanzas, Cuba, between 1755 and 1810

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]]> At the end of the seventeenth century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. The annual number of births showed an upward trend, increasing threefold between 1755-1810. The graph shows three periods of growth in births (1765-1770, 1780-1796 and 1800-1810) and three periods of stability (1755-1765-1770-1780 and 1796-1800). However, the annual number of deaths generally exceeded the number of births, so that black population growth was negative during almost the entire period, with the exception of 1783-1794 and 1805-1810. It should be added that annual fluctuations were more frequent and more intense among deaths than among births due to epidemic outbreaks.

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]]> Annual series of immigration entries of African slaves in Matanzas, 1755-1810 https://historylab.es/annual-series-of-immigration-entries-of-african-slaves-in-matanzas-1755-1810/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=annual-series-of-immigration-entries-of-african-slaves-in-matanzas-1755-1810 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/serie-anual-de-entradas-por-inmigracion-de-esclavos-africanos-en-matanzas-1755-1810/ Fluctuation of forced migration in Matanzas, Cuba, between 1755 and 1810

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]]> At the end of the seventeenth century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. Until the 17th century, the weight of the sugar economy in the province was minimal. The jurisdiction had five mills in 1778 and eight in 1792, producing 1.5% of the island’s total sugar. The migration calculation, through the registration data, shows a very low immigration of slaves. The reasons for this are that the expansion of the agricultural frontier was from Havana towards Matanzas, which means that, if there was immigration, it should have been in this direction, and that the mobility of the slave depended on his owner, so it is expected that the slave population remained in Matanzas with their masters at the time of the sugar expansion. The flow of slave imports in the second half of the 18th century increased tenfold and was marked by strong oscillations. The largest inflows corresponded to an international context of internal transformations that made it possible to increase the black labour force through the slave trade in three periods. In the first period (1775-1785), slave imports seemed to be more sporadic and dependent on external events, such as the British invasion of 1762 and the American War of Independence. During the second period (1785-1795), there was a change in the trend towards a regular increase in forced immigration, and the effect of the French Revolution in Saint Domingue in 1791 led to a smaller influx of slaves. The growth of the curve coincided with medium-term internal transformations, such as the liberation of the slave trade (1789-1798), the application of duties favourable to production, alcabalas or tithes on sugar, coffee, indigo, cotton and the stimulation of the sugar trade, such as the increase in tariffs for free trade between Spain and the Indies. The last period, from 1795-1810, saw a stabilisation of the massive influx of slaves.

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]]> Slaves present in 16th century capitulations in America https://historylab.es/slaves-present-in-16th-century-capitulations-in-america/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=slaves-present-in-16th-century-capitulations-in-america Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:25 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/esclavos-presentes-en-las-capitulaciones-del-siglo-xvi-en-america/ The table lists the black slaves in terms of their role in colonisation work in America (1520-1596)

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]]> In contrast to the slaves present in Spain, who were more dedicated to domestic and artisanal tasks, the need arose in America to turn them into a tool for the colonisation of new territories. Despite the prohibitions against black populations in the times of Cisneros and Charles V, the need for labour and large numbers of slaves made them the mainstay of the occupation of the Indies during the 16th century. From 1511, the massive importation of blacks began to expand, and it was even said that they would acclimatise quickly to the new territories because of their physical characteristics.
Through the capitulations, an attempt was made to develop new territories for the benefit of the Crown, and many private individuals offered black slaves to carry out tasks such as discovering, populating and pacifying these new territories with tasks known as domestic-scuderil. Their role was to work alongside a lord to help him with the difficulties that arose in establishing new settlements.

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]]> Average number of slaves baptised per owner and standard deviation for the 1760s, 1780s and 1790s. https://historylab.es/average-number-of-slaves-baptised-per-owner-and-standard-deviation-for-the-1760s-1780s-and-1790s/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=average-number-of-slaves-baptised-per-owner-and-standard-deviation-for-the-1760s-1780s-and-1790s Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:02 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/cantidad-media-de-esclavos-bautizados-por-propietario-y-desviacion-estandar-para-las-decadas-de-1760-1780-y-1790/ Number of slaves baptised in Matanzas, Cuba, by their owners

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]]> At the end of the seventeenth century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. Until the 17th century, the weight of the sugar economy in the province was minimal. The jurisdiction had five mills in 1778 and eight in 1792, producing 1.5% of the island’s total sugar. The migration calculation, through the registration data, shows a very low immigration of slaves. The reasons for this are that the expansion of the agricultural frontier took place from Havana towards Matanzas, which means that, if there was immigration, it should have taken place in this direction, and that the mobility of the slave depended on his owner, so it is expected that the slave population remained in Matanzas with their masters at the time of the sugar expansion. The evolution of the average size shows in the periods 1760-1769 and 1790-1799 the possibilities for an increase in the size of the farms. Compared to the period 1780-1789, this shows a significant drop in dispersion. The slave population of 1763-1764 served to supply the labour needs of the existing landowners, allowing the farms to increase in size. This dispersion shows how owners of the stature of Jerónimo Contreras and the Marquis of Justis de Santa Anna baptised 170 and 82 slaves respectively, coinciding with the turn to sugar by these two great families. In this sense, the proliferation in the number of owners was much faster than the births and imports of slaves. The intensity of this boom not only fuelled the farms, but also served to increase their size by the end of the period.

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]]> Chronology of the Sale of Slaves in Cadiz, 1650-1750 https://historylab.es/chronology-of-the-sale-of-slaves-in-cadiz-1650-1750/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=chronology-of-the-sale-of-slaves-in-cadiz-1650-1750 Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:27 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/cronologia-de-la-venta-de-esclavos-en-cadiz-1650-1750/ Slave trade in Cadiz according to documentation. Progressive disappearance of this phenomenon.

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]]> The slave trade during the Modern Age reached its peak in the 16th century, years of strong commercial exchange in America after its discovery in 1492. However, other cities such as Cádiz, near the port of Seville, saw its peak between 1650 and 1700. The main groups of slaves that were sold came from the African continent with the following profile: black women between 20 and 29 years of age. There, Portuguese, English and Dutch ships bought slaves from local chieftains and transported them to Spain for sale and distribution, a practice that spread to the rest of Europe. Such sales could be made by public auction or by direct contracts between the parties; both cases were recorded in the files of the Notarial Protocols, although on many occasions no written record was left. That is why the real figures of sale could, according to studies, be multiplied by 5 in the city of Cadiz, going from 3,481 to 17,405 slaves traded between 1650 and 1750.

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]]> 3D video of a slave ship https://historylab.es/3d-video-of-a-slave-ship/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=3d-video-of-a-slave-ship Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:28:06 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/video-3d-de-un-barco-esclavista/ 3D reconstruction of a slave ship

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]]> The European colonisers trafficked millions of slaves captured mainly in Africa in order to use them as labour for numerous activities. Thus, thousands and thousands of people were transported to various regions of the planet, as we know well in the case of the American continent. This 3D reconstruction details with great precision each compartment and operation of the 18th century slave ship called L’Aurore. This resource is available in the “Transatlantic Slave Trade Database”, which contains an immense amount of information on the development of slavery from the 16th century to the end of the 19th century. It is a project supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (United States) and is the result of the efforts of scholars from different institutions, including historians, cartographers, and slave trade specialists and researchers.

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]]> The Time Archive https://historylab.es/the-time-archive/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-time-archive Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:27:41 +0000 https://historylab.es/2022/02/19/el-archivo-del-tiempo/ Channel of the Permanent Seminar of Historical Dissemination "The Archive of Time".

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]]> Historical dissemination channel under the coordination of the creator of the seminar, Dr. Antonio J. Díaz Rodríguez, where historians of consolidated trajectory and young researchers from different universities present to the audience a particular journey through Cordoba and Andalusia in the 16th and 17th centuries. This initiative is the result of the collaboration between the Laboratory of Judeo-Conversion Studies of the University of Cordoba and the Provincial Historical Archive of Cordoba. Conversos, slaves, wine smugglers, prized Andalusian horses, swords from Toledo, Inca nobility, literati, gardeners, document forgers, Moors and much more are shown in these seminars via Youtube.

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