religión - History Lab

House of Ignatius of Loyola

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:42 +0000

During the 16th century, the Society of Jesus, a religious order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola, emerged. Iñigo López de Recalde, a native of Azpeitia, initially dedicated himself to military service, as a result of which he took part in the defence of Pamplona (1521) against the French. Iñigo López was wounded in that battle, which forced him to retire from arms. This situation led to his preference for books and education; he invested his time in prayer, the apostolate, teaching, caring for the sick and defining a new religious order whose statutes were approved by the Pope in 1540.

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The wedding at Cana

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:32:03 +0000

An immense painting by Paolo Caliari the Veronese, intended for the refectory of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. The New Testament episode is set in lavish Palladian architecture and among the guests he portrays sovereigns, artists and himself among the musicians. He mixes the biblical narrative with anachronisms that reflect the apotheosis of Venetian art.

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The Immaculate Conception

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:31:59 +0000

A masterpiece by Giambattista Tiepolo, a Venetian master of the Rococo period. It shows the survival of the Hispanic Marian devotion par excellence, promoted by successive monarchs since the Counter-Reformation, first the Habsburgs and then the Bourbons. It was made for the Church of San Pascual in Aranjuez

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Evolution of the population by socio-racial groups in Cuba, 1774-1827

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

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Evolution of the population by socio-racial groups in Matanzas (Cuba), 1774-1827

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

At the end of the 18th century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. Until the 17th century, the weight of the sugar economy in the province was minimal. The jurisdiction had five mills in 1778 and eight in 1792, producing 1.5% of the island’s total sugar. The momentum of the slave plantation system in the region was such that in 1827 there were 111 enclaves dedicated to this type of production in Matanzas, which contributed 25% of the island’s total production. One of the indicators of this process of change was the availability of labour linked to the success of the sugar model, where slaves and free blacks predominated. In the case of Matanzas, the general trend of growth was led by free blacks and slaves in the first period, with a more timid increase among whites. From 1792 onwards, the rate of growth was set by the slave population. With regard to Cuba, it should be noted that growth never stagnated at any time, and that the intensity was more pronounced, especially at the end of the period. The dynamism is reflected in the growth of the population of Matanzas as a proportion of the island’s population, from 2% in 1774 to 7% in 1827. Slaves not only outnumbered the white population, but also accounted for 9% of the total number of slaves in Cuba in 1827. In general terms, Matanzas underwent much more intense demographic transformations than the rest of the island during the 18th century, particularly among the slave population.

The post Evolution of the population by socio-racial groups in Matanzas (Cuba), 1774-1827 first appeared on History Lab.

Evolution of the births, deaths and natural growth of the black population of Matanzas (1755-1810)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

The post Evolution of the births, deaths and natural growth of the black population of Matanzas (1755-1810) first appeared on History Lab.

Annual series of immigration entries of African slaves in Matanzas, 1755-1810

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

At the end of the seventeenth century, the island of Cuba underwent a series of institutional transformations that resulted in a reformulation of the colonial pact between the local elites and the crown. This series of changes affected the structure of property ownership, agricultural production and the growth and composition of the population, making the island the world’s leading colonial sugar producer. Until the 17th century, the weight of the sugar economy in the province was minimal. The jurisdiction had five mills in 1778 and eight in 1792, producing 1.5% of the island’s total sugar. The migration calculation, through the registration data, shows a very low immigration of slaves. The reasons for this are that the expansion of the agricultural frontier was from Havana towards Matanzas, which means that, if there was immigration, it should have been in this direction, and that the mobility of the slave depended on his owner, so it is expected that the slave population remained in Matanzas with their masters at the time of the sugar expansion. The flow of slave imports in the second half of the 18th century increased tenfold and was marked by strong oscillations. The largest inflows corresponded to an international context of internal transformations that made it possible to increase the black labour force through the slave trade in three periods. In the first period (1775-1785), slave imports seemed to be more sporadic and dependent on external events, such as the British invasion of 1762 and the American War of Independence. During the second period (1785-1795), there was a change in the trend towards a regular increase in forced immigration, and the effect of the French Revolution in Saint Domingue in 1791 led to a smaller influx of slaves. The growth of the curve coincided with medium-term internal transformations, such as the liberation of the slave trade (1789-1798), the application of duties favourable to production, alcabalas or tithes on sugar, coffee, indigo, cotton and the stimulation of the sugar trade, such as the increase in tariffs for free trade between Spain and the Indies. The last period, from 1795-1810, saw a stabilisation of the massive influx of slaves.

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Geographical origin of the seminarians of San Pelagio (Cordoba, 17th century)

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:48 +0000

Session XXIII of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) agreed to the creation of centres dedicated exclusively to priestly formation. The centres were to be controlled by the bishops of each diocese and the financial endowment was to come from episcopal and capitular revenues. The loss of income on the part of the diocesan councils, and the opposition of the existing colleges and universities that also trained the clergy, meant that the new seminaries were only slightly established. In the case of the diocese of Cordoba, the Seminary of San Pelagio was established between 1583 and 1600. Where did the new seminarians come from? Of the 352 students that the institution had in the 17th century, the vast majority, 315, were born in the diocese and province of Cordoba (89.49%), followed by the towns also belonging to the bishopric of Cordoba, but not to the civil province (23, 6.54%). A further 13 pupils (3.69%) were born in neither the jurisdiction of the bishopric nor the civil province of Cordoba, and only 1 pupil (0.28%) was from a town in the province, but whose ecclesiastical jurisdiction differed. By origin, the vast majority came from rural areas (294 pupils, 86.73%), and 13.27% were from the city of Cordoba. The author notes that, although the capital of Córdoba accounted for 13.27% of the total, the 45 pupils from that city constituted the largest number of pupils from the same nucleus, followed by rural areas such as Castro del Río (21) and Pozoblanco (18).

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Chronological evolution of convent foundations in Aragon

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:20 +0000

The modern age witnessed an unprecedented expansion of regular convents. Until then, in the Middle Ages, this type of monastery had been limited. However, during the modern age, from the impulse of some regular orders such as the mendicant orders, numerous convents were founded throughout Spain, in which Aragon was no exception. The strength of this impulse is understandable when one considers that at the beginning of modernity there was a proliferation of regeneration movements within Catholicism, such as, for example, the Jesuit order, in addition to the aforementioned strengthening of the mendicant orders. In the same way, the political circumstances required it, since the beginning of the Protestant reform required a greater number of religious to give rise to what was known as the Counter-Reformation, where the regular orders played an important role in the regeneration of the Catholic Church

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List of convents of Saint Clare in the Crown of Aragon

ad_hlab_min — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:29:20 +0000

The Franciscan order was one of the mendicant orders with the greatest influence in the peninsular context. Guided by the observances of Francis of Assisi, the Franciscans spread the rules of the new order throughout the peninsular territory, also reaching the Crown of Aragon. As Carmen Soriano Triguero says, the expansion of the order took place in the favourable context of the Christian conquest, where the ideological struggle against Islam was necessary, for which these monasteries constituted a revival of the faith. Similarly, their presence was necessary to promote pacification in more agitated contexts such as the wars of the two Peters. This trend was joined by the feminine aspect, and convents were built to house women who followed the rule of Francis of Assisi, normally attached to Saint Clare.

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